Review
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Year 2023, Volume: 53 Issue: 1, 95 - 102, 28.04.2023

Şaziye Sezin Yücelik Fatma Betül Yoladı Selen Yeğenoğlu Terken Baydar

https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975

Abstract

References

  • American Psychological Association (APA). (2022a). Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/sub- stance-abuse.
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2022b). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) (5th ed). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
  • Bonnet, U., Harkener, J., & Scherbaum, N. (2008). A case report of propofol dependence in a physician. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(2), 215-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400634
  • Budic,I., Stoimenov, T.J., Pavlovic, D., Marjanovic, V., Djordjevic, I., Stevic, M., & Simic, D. (2022). Clinical Importance of Potential Genetic Determinants Affecting Propofol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 809393. https://doi. org/ 10.3389/fmed.2022.809393
  • Bryson, E. O., Silverstein, J. H., Warner, D. S., & Warner, M. A. (2008). Addiction and substance abuse in anesthesiology. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 109(5), 905-917. https:// doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181895bc1
  • Bryson, E. O., & Frost, E. A. (2011). Propofol abuse. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 49(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1097/ AIA.0b013e3181f2bcb0
  • Cho, H. Y., Hwang, Y., Shin, S., Yoon, S., & Lee, H. J. (2022). Propofol abuse among healthcare workers: an analysis of criminal cases using the database of the Supreme Court of South Korea’s judg- ments. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 75(5), 391-396 https:// doi.org/10.4097/kja.21507
  • Diaz, H. J. & Kaye A. D. (2017). Death by propofol [Abstract]. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 169(2), 28- 32. Abstract retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/28414657/
  • Diedrich, D.A., & Brown, D.R. (2011). Analytic reviews: propofol infusion syndrome in the ICU. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 26(2), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066610384195
  • Dinis-Oliveira, R.J. (2018). Metabolic profiles of propofol and fospropofol: Clinical and forensic interpretative aspects. BioMed Research International, 2018, 6852857. https://doi: 10.1155/2018/6852857.
  • Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): Na- tional Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Propofol. [Updated 2021]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books/NBK501298/
  • DrugBank Online (Propofol). Retrieved from https://go.drugbank. com/drugs/DB00818. Access date: 13.12.2022
  • Dugosh, K.L.& Cacciola, J.S (2022, Jul 25). Clinical assessment of subtance use disorder Retrived from https://www.uptodate. com/contents/clinical-assessment-of-substance-use-disorders.
  • Earley, P. H., & Finver, T. (2013). Addiction to propofol: a study of 22 treatment cases. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(3), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182872901
  • Feng, A.Y., Kaye, A.D., Kaye, R.J., Belani, K., & Urman, R.D. (2017) Novel propofol derivatives and implications for anesthesia practice. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 33:9-15. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.202205.
  • Folino, T. B., Muco, E., Safadi, A. O., & Parks, L. J. (2022). Propofol. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
  • Fong, J.J., Sylvia, L., Ruthazer, R., Schumaker, G., Kcomt, M., & Dev- lin, J.W. (2008). Predictors of mortality in patients with suspected propofol infusion syndrome. Critical Care Medicine, 36(8), 2281- 2287. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180c1eb
  • Fritz, G. A., & Niemczyk, W. E. (2002). Propofol dependency in a lay person. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 96(2), 505-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200202000- 00039
  • Fry, R. A., Fry, L. E., & Castanelli, D. J. (2015). A retrospective survey of substance abuse in anaesthetists in Australia and New Zealand from 2004 to 2013. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 43(1), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X1504300117
  • Gold, M. S., Melker, R. J., Dennis, D. M., Morey, T. E., Bajpai, L. K., Pomm, R., & Frost-Pineda, K. (2006). Fentanyl abuse and dependence: further evidence for second hand exposure hypothesis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1300/ J069v25n01_04
  • Gwiazda, S., Dixon, E., Cronly, M., Kavanagh, Y., Cullinane, M., & Mulligan, L. M. (2021). Propofol misuse in Ireland–Two case re- ports and a review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 326, 110909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110909
  • Han, E., Jung, S., Baeck, S., Lee, S., & Chung, H. (2013). Deaths from recreational use of propofol in Korea. Forensic Science International, 233(1-3), 333-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.008
  • Hemphill, S., McMenamin, L., Bellamy, M.C., & Hopkins, P.M. (2019). Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 122(4), 448-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.025
  • Iwersen-Bergmann, S., Rösner, P., Kühnau, H. C., Junge, M., & Schmoldt, A. (2001). Death after excessive propofol abuse. In- ternational Journal of Legal Medicine, 114(4), 248-251. https://doi. org/10.1007/s004149900129
  • Kirby, R. R., Colaw, J. M., & Douglas, M. M. (2009). Death from pro- pofol: accident, suicide, or murder?. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 108(4), 1182-1184. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318198d45e
  • Klausz, G., Róna, K., Kristóf, I., & Törő, K. (2009). Evaluation of a fatal propofol intoxication due to self administration. Journal of Foren- sic and Legal Medicine, 16(5), 287-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jflm.2008.12.010
  • Köroğlu, G., & Tezcan, A. H. (2015). A Case Report of the First Propofol Addiction in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiol- ogy and Reanimation, 43(6), 434–436. https://doi.org/10.5152/ TJAR.2015.54872
  • Kranioti, E. F., Mavroforou, A., Mylonakis, P., & Michalodimitrakis,M. (2007). Lethal self administration of propofol (Diprivan): A case report and review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 167(1), 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.027
  • Kwon, N. J., Kim, H. J., Cho, S., Lee, M. A., & Han, E. (2020). Develop- ment of a LC-MS/MS method for determination of propofol-gluc- uronide in hair and preliminary study on relationships between dose and hair concentration. Forensic Science International, 306, 110070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110070
  • Levy, R. J. (2011). Clinical effects and lethal and forensic aspects of propofol. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, S142-S147. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01583.x
  • Li, K. Y., Xiao, C., Xiong, M., Delphin, E., & Ye, J. H. (2008). Nanomolar propofol stimulates glutamate transmission to dopamine neu- rons: a possible mechanism of abuse potential?. Journal of Phar- macology and Experimental Therapeutics, 325(1), 165-174. https:// doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.132472
  • McAuliffe, P. F., Gold, M. S., Bajpai, L., Merves, M. L., Frost-Pineda, K., Pomm, R. M., & Cendán, J. C. (2006). Second-hand exposure to aerosolized intravenous anesthetics propofol and fentanyl may cause sensitization and subsequent opiate addiction among an- esthesiologists and surgeons. Medical Hypotheses, 66(5), 874-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.030
  • McCarver, L., & Spear, M. (2010). Propofol: Thriller or Killer. Plas- tic and Aesthetic Nursing, 30(1), 29-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/ PSN.0b013e3181cfe649
  • Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1988). Do job conditions influence the use of drugs?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 169-184. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137056?seq=1
  • Merlo, L. J., Goldberger, B. A., Kolodner, D., Fitzgerald, K., & Gold, M.S. (2008). Fentanyl and propofol exposure in the operating room: sensitization hypotheses and further data. Journal of Addictive Dis- eases, 27(3), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550880802122661
  • Mirrakhimov, A.E., Voore, P., Halytskyy, O., Khan, M., & Ali, A.M. (2015). Propofol infusion syndrome in adults: a clinical update. Critical Care Research and Practice, 260385. https://doi. org/10.1155/2015/260385
  • O’Malley, P. (2010). Lethal outcomes: propofol infusion syndrome and propofol abuse. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(1), 8-10. https:// doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181c5e4cf
  • Olutoye, O.A., Baker, B.W., Belfort, M.A., & Olutoye, O.O. (2018). Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Ameri- can Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(1), 98-102. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.107
  • Onaolapo, O.J., Olofinnade, A.T., Ojo, F.O., Adeleye, O., Falade, J., & Onaolapo, A.Y. (2022). Substance use and substance use dis- orders in Africa: An epidemiological approach to the review of existing literature. World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(10): 1268–1286. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1268
  • Plunkett, E., Costello, A., Yentis, S.M., & Hawton, K. (2021). Suicide in anaesthetists: a systematic review. Anaesthesia, 76, 1392-1403. doi: 10.1111/anae.15514
  • Roussin, A., Montastruc, J. L., & Lapeyre‐Mestre, M. (2007). Pharmacological and clinical evidences on the potential forabuse and dependence of propofol: A review of the literature. Fundamental&Clinical Pharmacology, 21(5), 459-466. https://doi. org/:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00497.x
  • Sarff, M., & Gold, J. A. (2010). Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 38(9), S494-S501. https://doi.org/:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ec5412
  • Shioya, N., Ishibe, Y., Shibata, S., Makabe, H., Kan, S., Matsumoto, N., Takahashi, G., Yamada, Y., Endo, S. (2011). Green urine discoloration due to propofol infusion: A Case Report. Case Reports in Emergen- cy Medicine, 2011, Article ID 242514. doi: 10.1155/2011/242514
  • Welliver, M. D., Bertrand, A., Garza, J., & Baker, K. (2012). Two new case reports of propofol abuse and a pattern analysis of the litera- ture. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 1(1), 22-42. https:// doi.org/:10.14419/ijans.v1i1.27
  • Wischmeyer, P. E., Johnson, B. R., Wilson, J. E., Dingmann, C., Bachman, H. M., Roller, E., & Henthorn, T. K. (2007). A survey of propofol abuse in academic anesthesia pro- grams. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 105(4), 1066-1071. https://doi. org/:10.1213/01.ane.0000270215.86253.30

The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol

Year 2023, Volume: 53 Issue: 1, 95 - 102, 28.04.2023

Şaziye Sezin Yücelik Fatma Betül Yoladı Selen Yeğenoğlu Terken Baydar

https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975

Abstract

Addiction is considered as an occupational hazard, especially in anesthesia units in hospitals. Professionals in anesthesiol- ogy clinics have easy access to a wide range of potent psychoactive drugs, causing them to have a higher risk of drug abuse compared to other healthcare personnel. Recent studies and case reports have shown that abuse of anesthetic drugs used in these units has become a problem among health professionals, and awareness of the problem has increased. Propofol is widely used in anesthesia as a sedative-hypnotic prescription drug and in the literature, propofol abuse is mostly referred to in connection with medical and paramedical personnel. In this manuscript, we reviewed the pharmaco-kinetics, -dynam- ics effect of propofol, discussed toxicological outcomes of propofol abuse and possible institutional measures to be taken against addiction.

Keywords

propofol addiction abuse anesthetics

References

  • American Psychological Association (APA). (2022a). Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/sub- stance-abuse.
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2022b). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) (5th ed). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
  • Bonnet, U., Harkener, J., & Scherbaum, N. (2008). A case report of propofol dependence in a physician. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(2), 215-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400634
  • Budic,I., Stoimenov, T.J., Pavlovic, D., Marjanovic, V., Djordjevic, I., Stevic, M., & Simic, D. (2022). Clinical Importance of Potential Genetic Determinants Affecting Propofol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 809393. https://doi. org/ 10.3389/fmed.2022.809393
  • Bryson, E. O., Silverstein, J. H., Warner, D. S., & Warner, M. A. (2008). Addiction and substance abuse in anesthesiology. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 109(5), 905-917. https:// doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181895bc1
  • Bryson, E. O., & Frost, E. A. (2011). Propofol abuse. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 49(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1097/ AIA.0b013e3181f2bcb0
  • Cho, H. Y., Hwang, Y., Shin, S., Yoon, S., & Lee, H. J. (2022). Propofol abuse among healthcare workers: an analysis of criminal cases using the database of the Supreme Court of South Korea’s judg- ments. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 75(5), 391-396 https:// doi.org/10.4097/kja.21507
  • Diaz, H. J. & Kaye A. D. (2017). Death by propofol [Abstract]. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 169(2), 28- 32. Abstract retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/28414657/
  • Diedrich, D.A., & Brown, D.R. (2011). Analytic reviews: propofol infusion syndrome in the ICU. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 26(2), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066610384195
  • Dinis-Oliveira, R.J. (2018). Metabolic profiles of propofol and fospropofol: Clinical and forensic interpretative aspects. BioMed Research International, 2018, 6852857. https://doi: 10.1155/2018/6852857.
  • Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): Na- tional Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Propofol. [Updated 2021]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books/NBK501298/
  • DrugBank Online (Propofol). Retrieved from https://go.drugbank. com/drugs/DB00818. Access date: 13.12.2022
  • Dugosh, K.L.& Cacciola, J.S (2022, Jul 25). Clinical assessment of subtance use disorder Retrived from https://www.uptodate. com/contents/clinical-assessment-of-substance-use-disorders.
  • Earley, P. H., & Finver, T. (2013). Addiction to propofol: a study of 22 treatment cases. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(3), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182872901
  • Feng, A.Y., Kaye, A.D., Kaye, R.J., Belani, K., & Urman, R.D. (2017) Novel propofol derivatives and implications for anesthesia practice. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 33:9-15. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.202205.
  • Folino, T. B., Muco, E., Safadi, A. O., & Parks, L. J. (2022). Propofol. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
  • Fong, J.J., Sylvia, L., Ruthazer, R., Schumaker, G., Kcomt, M., & Dev- lin, J.W. (2008). Predictors of mortality in patients with suspected propofol infusion syndrome. Critical Care Medicine, 36(8), 2281- 2287. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180c1eb
  • Fritz, G. A., & Niemczyk, W. E. (2002). Propofol dependency in a lay person. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 96(2), 505-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200202000- 00039
  • Fry, R. A., Fry, L. E., & Castanelli, D. J. (2015). A retrospective survey of substance abuse in anaesthetists in Australia and New Zealand from 2004 to 2013. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 43(1), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X1504300117
  • Gold, M. S., Melker, R. J., Dennis, D. M., Morey, T. E., Bajpai, L. K., Pomm, R., & Frost-Pineda, K. (2006). Fentanyl abuse and dependence: further evidence for second hand exposure hypothesis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1300/ J069v25n01_04
  • Gwiazda, S., Dixon, E., Cronly, M., Kavanagh, Y., Cullinane, M., & Mulligan, L. M. (2021). Propofol misuse in Ireland–Two case re- ports and a review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 326, 110909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110909
  • Han, E., Jung, S., Baeck, S., Lee, S., & Chung, H. (2013). Deaths from recreational use of propofol in Korea. Forensic Science International, 233(1-3), 333-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.008
  • Hemphill, S., McMenamin, L., Bellamy, M.C., & Hopkins, P.M. (2019). Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 122(4), 448-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.025
  • Iwersen-Bergmann, S., Rösner, P., Kühnau, H. C., Junge, M., & Schmoldt, A. (2001). Death after excessive propofol abuse. In- ternational Journal of Legal Medicine, 114(4), 248-251. https://doi. org/10.1007/s004149900129
  • Kirby, R. R., Colaw, J. M., & Douglas, M. M. (2009). Death from pro- pofol: accident, suicide, or murder?. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 108(4), 1182-1184. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318198d45e
  • Klausz, G., Róna, K., Kristóf, I., & Törő, K. (2009). Evaluation of a fatal propofol intoxication due to self administration. Journal of Foren- sic and Legal Medicine, 16(5), 287-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jflm.2008.12.010
  • Köroğlu, G., & Tezcan, A. H. (2015). A Case Report of the First Propofol Addiction in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiol- ogy and Reanimation, 43(6), 434–436. https://doi.org/10.5152/ TJAR.2015.54872
  • Kranioti, E. F., Mavroforou, A., Mylonakis, P., & Michalodimitrakis,M. (2007). Lethal self administration of propofol (Diprivan): A case report and review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 167(1), 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.027
  • Kwon, N. J., Kim, H. J., Cho, S., Lee, M. A., & Han, E. (2020). Develop- ment of a LC-MS/MS method for determination of propofol-gluc- uronide in hair and preliminary study on relationships between dose and hair concentration. Forensic Science International, 306, 110070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110070
  • Levy, R. J. (2011). Clinical effects and lethal and forensic aspects of propofol. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, S142-S147. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01583.x
  • Li, K. Y., Xiao, C., Xiong, M., Delphin, E., & Ye, J. H. (2008). Nanomolar propofol stimulates glutamate transmission to dopamine neu- rons: a possible mechanism of abuse potential?. Journal of Phar- macology and Experimental Therapeutics, 325(1), 165-174. https:// doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.132472
  • McAuliffe, P. F., Gold, M. S., Bajpai, L., Merves, M. L., Frost-Pineda, K., Pomm, R. M., & Cendán, J. C. (2006). Second-hand exposure to aerosolized intravenous anesthetics propofol and fentanyl may cause sensitization and subsequent opiate addiction among an- esthesiologists and surgeons. Medical Hypotheses, 66(5), 874-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.030
  • McCarver, L., & Spear, M. (2010). Propofol: Thriller or Killer. Plas- tic and Aesthetic Nursing, 30(1), 29-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/ PSN.0b013e3181cfe649
  • Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1988). Do job conditions influence the use of drugs?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 169-184. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137056?seq=1
  • Merlo, L. J., Goldberger, B. A., Kolodner, D., Fitzgerald, K., & Gold, M.S. (2008). Fentanyl and propofol exposure in the operating room: sensitization hypotheses and further data. Journal of Addictive Dis- eases, 27(3), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550880802122661
  • Mirrakhimov, A.E., Voore, P., Halytskyy, O., Khan, M., & Ali, A.M. (2015). Propofol infusion syndrome in adults: a clinical update. Critical Care Research and Practice, 260385. https://doi. org/10.1155/2015/260385
  • O’Malley, P. (2010). Lethal outcomes: propofol infusion syndrome and propofol abuse. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(1), 8-10. https:// doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181c5e4cf
  • Olutoye, O.A., Baker, B.W., Belfort, M.A., & Olutoye, O.O. (2018). Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Ameri- can Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(1), 98-102. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.107
  • Onaolapo, O.J., Olofinnade, A.T., Ojo, F.O., Adeleye, O., Falade, J., & Onaolapo, A.Y. (2022). Substance use and substance use dis- orders in Africa: An epidemiological approach to the review of existing literature. World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(10): 1268–1286. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1268
  • Plunkett, E., Costello, A., Yentis, S.M., & Hawton, K. (2021). Suicide in anaesthetists: a systematic review. Anaesthesia, 76, 1392-1403. doi: 10.1111/anae.15514
  • Roussin, A., Montastruc, J. L., & Lapeyre‐Mestre, M. (2007). Pharmacological and clinical evidences on the potential forabuse and dependence of propofol: A review of the literature. Fundamental&Clinical Pharmacology, 21(5), 459-466. https://doi. org/:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00497.x
  • Sarff, M., & Gold, J. A. (2010). Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 38(9), S494-S501. https://doi.org/:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ec5412
  • Shioya, N., Ishibe, Y., Shibata, S., Makabe, H., Kan, S., Matsumoto, N., Takahashi, G., Yamada, Y., Endo, S. (2011). Green urine discoloration due to propofol infusion: A Case Report. Case Reports in Emergen- cy Medicine, 2011, Article ID 242514. doi: 10.1155/2011/242514
  • Welliver, M. D., Bertrand, A., Garza, J., & Baker, K. (2012). Two new case reports of propofol abuse and a pattern analysis of the litera- ture. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 1(1), 22-42. https:// doi.org/:10.14419/ijans.v1i1.27
  • Wischmeyer, P. E., Johnson, B. R., Wilson, J. E., Dingmann, C., Bachman, H. M., Roller, E., & Henthorn, T. K. (2007). A survey of propofol abuse in academic anesthesia pro- grams. Anesthesia&Analgesia, 105(4), 1066-1071. https://doi. org/:10.1213/01.ane.0000270215.86253.30
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Şaziye Sezin Yücelik 0000-0002-6239-6114

Fatma Betül Yoladı 0000-0002-5020-3020

Selen Yeğenoğlu 0000-0002-5217-8797

Terken Baydar 0000-0002-5497-9600

Publication Date April 28, 2023
Submission Date June 23, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 53 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yücelik, Ş. S., Yoladı, F. B., Yeğenoğlu, S., Baydar, T. (2023). The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 53(1), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975
AMA Yücelik ŞS, Yoladı FB, Yeğenoğlu S, Baydar T. The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol. iujp. April 2023;53(1):95-102. doi:10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975
Chicago Yücelik, Şaziye Sezin, Fatma Betül Yoladı, Selen Yeğenoğlu, and Terken Baydar. “The Fine Line Between Occupational Exposure and Addiction to Propofol”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 53, no. 1 (April 2023): 95-102. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975.
EndNote Yücelik ŞS, Yoladı FB, Yeğenoğlu S, Baydar T (April 1, 2023) The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 53 1 95–102.
IEEE Ş. S. Yücelik, F. B. Yoladı, S. Yeğenoğlu, and T. Baydar, “The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol”, iujp, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 95–102, 2023, doi: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975.
ISNAD Yücelik, Şaziye Sezin et al. “The Fine Line Between Occupational Exposure and Addiction to Propofol”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 53/1 (April 2023), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975.
JAMA Yücelik ŞS, Yoladı FB, Yeğenoğlu S, Baydar T. The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol. iujp. 2023;53:95–102.
MLA Yücelik, Şaziye Sezin et al. “The Fine Line Between Occupational Exposure and Addiction to Propofol”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 53, no. 1, 2023, pp. 95-102, doi:10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1134975.
Vancouver Yücelik ŞS, Yoladı FB, Yeğenoğlu S, Baydar T. The fine line between occupational exposure and addiction to propofol. iujp. 2023;53(1):95-102.
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