Abstract
Purpose: In a study conducted at the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was reported that in individuals undergoing isolation, social capital had an impact on sleep quality and that anxiety plays an intermediary role. In Turkey, no studies investigating social capital and sleep quality have been conducted. For this reason, the purpose of our study is to establish whether anxiety and depression play an intermediary role on the influence of social capital on sleep quality in all individuals undergoing isolation due to COVID, who have applied to the two hospitals in scope of the study.
Material and Method: Our study was performed on all subjects, who have applied to the two sites in Izmir, undergone a 14-day isolation period, from March 15 to May 30, 2020, during the first outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Turkey. Individuals receiving inpatient treatment and/or to whom isolation at home has been recommended, individuals, receiving outpatient treatment, who had mild symptoms and to whom isolation at home has been recommended, individuals to whom isolation was recommended due to a suspected COVID-19 infection and individuals to whom isolation was recommended due to suspected exposure. Primarily, on reviewing the hospital records, all participants were divided into three groups: individuals with a positive rRT-PCR result, individuals suspected of having possible COVID-19, and individuals isolated due to suspected exposure. Then, for individuals with positive rRT-PCR results and individuals suspected of having possible COVID-19, it was noted whether they had any clinical and radiological findings and whether they needed admission and intensive care. All participants completed a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions, including questions related to sociodemographic characteristics, in addition to the Social Capital Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The research data was built with the calls made by the physician to the individuals in scope of the study, and the responses the individuals gave to the questions of the questionnaires distributed online.
Findings: For this study, data were collected from 215 cases in total. 57% of these were male and 43% were female. A significant correlation was detected between social capital and the presence of clinical and radiological findings of COVID-19. A significant correlation was detected between the depression scale and PCR+ in terms of clinical stage and progress. However, the same was not established in relation to anxiety. Sleep quality was determined to be low in individuals with higher socio-economic level and individuals, who are single.
Result: The relation between social capital level and the course of the disease indicates the necessity to support social capital in healthcare.
Project Number
YOK
References
- REFERENCES 1. Irwin M: Effects of sleep and sleep loss on immunity and cytokines. Brain Behav Immun, 2002; 16(5): 503–12.
- 2. Gamaldo CE, Shaikh AK, McArthur JC: The sleep-immunity relationship. Neurol Clin, 2012; 30(4): 1313–43.
- 3. Portes A: Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annu Rev Soc, 1998; 24(1): 1–24.
- 4. Khazaeian S, Kariman N, Ebadi A et al: The impact of social capital and social support on the health of female-headed households: a systematic review. Electron Physician, 2017; 9(12): 6027–34.
- 5. Valencia-Garcia D, Simoni JM, Alegría M et al: Social capital, acculturation, mental health, and perceived access to services among Mexican American women. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2012; 80(2): 177–85.
- 6. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB: Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Med, 2010; 7(7): e1000316.
- 7. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit. 2020 Mar 20;26:e923921.
- 8. Cary Wu (2021) Social capital and COVID-19: a multidimensional and multilevel approach, Chinese Sociological Review, 53:1, 27-54, DOI: 10.1080/21620555.2020.1814139.
- 9. World Health Organisation (WHO): Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance. 2020. Available at [URL]: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance.
- 10. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al: A Novel Coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 2020; 382(8): 727–33.
- 11. Wang P, Chen X, Gong J, et al: Reliability and validity of the Personal Social Capital Scale 16 and Personal Social Capital Scale 8: Two short instruments for survey studies. Soc Indicators Res, 2014; 119(2): 1133 – 48.
- 12. Carpenter JS, Andrykowski MA: Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. J Psychosom Res, 1998; 45: 5–13.
- 13. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.
- 14. Yamada Y, Suematsu M, Takahashi N et al: Identifying the social capital influencing diabetes control in Japan. Nagoya J Med Sci, 2018; 80(1): 99–107.
- 15. Reeth OV, Weibel L, Spiegel K et al: Interactions between stress and sleep: From basic research to clinical situations. Sleep Med Rev, 2000; 4(2): 201–19.
- 16. Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Siegel SD: Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2005; 1: 607–28.
- 17. Jarrin DC, Chen IY, Ivers H et al: The role of vulnerability in stress-related insomnia, social support and coping styles on incidence and persistence of insomnia. J Sleep Res, 2014; 23(6): 681–88.
- 18. Li C, Jiang S, Fang X: Effects of multi-dimensional social capital on mental health of children in poverty: An empirical study in Mainland China. J Health Psychol, 2017 [Epub ahead of print]
- 19. Adamczyk K, Segrin C: Perceived social support and mental health among single vs. partnered polish young adults. Curr Psychol, 2015; 34(1): 82–96.
- 20. Wang P, Chen X, Gong J, et al: Reliability and validity of the Personal Social Capital Scale 16 and Personal Social Capital Scale 8: Two short instruments for survey studies. Soc Indicators Res, 2014; 119(2): 1133–48.
Abstract
Supporting Institution
YOK
Project Number
YOK
References
- REFERENCES 1. Irwin M: Effects of sleep and sleep loss on immunity and cytokines. Brain Behav Immun, 2002; 16(5): 503–12.
- 2. Gamaldo CE, Shaikh AK, McArthur JC: The sleep-immunity relationship. Neurol Clin, 2012; 30(4): 1313–43.
- 3. Portes A: Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annu Rev Soc, 1998; 24(1): 1–24.
- 4. Khazaeian S, Kariman N, Ebadi A et al: The impact of social capital and social support on the health of female-headed households: a systematic review. Electron Physician, 2017; 9(12): 6027–34.
- 5. Valencia-Garcia D, Simoni JM, Alegría M et al: Social capital, acculturation, mental health, and perceived access to services among Mexican American women. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2012; 80(2): 177–85.
- 6. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB: Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Med, 2010; 7(7): e1000316.
- 7. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit. 2020 Mar 20;26:e923921.
- 8. Cary Wu (2021) Social capital and COVID-19: a multidimensional and multilevel approach, Chinese Sociological Review, 53:1, 27-54, DOI: 10.1080/21620555.2020.1814139.
- 9. World Health Organisation (WHO): Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance. 2020. Available at [URL]: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance.
- 10. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al: A Novel Coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 2020; 382(8): 727–33.
- 11. Wang P, Chen X, Gong J, et al: Reliability and validity of the Personal Social Capital Scale 16 and Personal Social Capital Scale 8: Two short instruments for survey studies. Soc Indicators Res, 2014; 119(2): 1133 – 48.
- 12. Carpenter JS, Andrykowski MA: Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. J Psychosom Res, 1998; 45: 5–13.
- 13. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.
- 14. Yamada Y, Suematsu M, Takahashi N et al: Identifying the social capital influencing diabetes control in Japan. Nagoya J Med Sci, 2018; 80(1): 99–107.
- 15. Reeth OV, Weibel L, Spiegel K et al: Interactions between stress and sleep: From basic research to clinical situations. Sleep Med Rev, 2000; 4(2): 201–19.
- 16. Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Siegel SD: Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2005; 1: 607–28.
- 17. Jarrin DC, Chen IY, Ivers H et al: The role of vulnerability in stress-related insomnia, social support and coping styles on incidence and persistence of insomnia. J Sleep Res, 2014; 23(6): 681–88.
- 18. Li C, Jiang S, Fang X: Effects of multi-dimensional social capital on mental health of children in poverty: An empirical study in Mainland China. J Health Psychol, 2017 [Epub ahead of print]
- 19. Adamczyk K, Segrin C: Perceived social support and mental health among single vs. partnered polish young adults. Curr Psychol, 2015; 34(1): 82–96.
- 20. Wang P, Chen X, Gong J, et al: Reliability and validity of the Personal Social Capital Scale 16 and Personal Social Capital Scale 8: Two short instruments for survey studies. Soc Indicators Res, 2014; 119(2): 1133–48.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Sciences |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | YOK |
| Publication Date | December 30, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 |
Cite
Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License: The articles in the Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.