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Is Vitamin D Level Associated with COVID-19 Infection?

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 48 - 52, 28.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.29058/mjwbs.1059760

Abstract

Aim: The effects of vitamin D, which has an antiviral and immune modulator in preventing the rapidly
spreading COVID-19, which has been resulting in increasing number of deaths worldwide, is discussed.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with
COVID-19 risk.
Material and Methods: Ninety-six individuals (48 COVID-19 positive and 48 COVID-19 negative) were
included in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected with a questionnaire form evaluating the
individual and clinical characteristics of the study participants, their eating habits affecting vitamin D
status and their sun exposures. 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements and polymerase chain reaction
test results were evaluated. Independent samples t test was used to compare the age, BFUI and vitamin
D levels of the patient and control groups while Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used for the
ratio comparisons of categorical variables.
Results: It was found that 86.5% of the study participants had vitamin D deficiency. There was no
significant difference between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of individuals who tested positive for COVID-19
and those who did not (11.50 ± 6.66 ng/ml and 12.95 ± 6.11 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.271). Vitamin
D status (severely deficient, deficient, insufficient) was similar in those with and without COVID-19
infection (p = 0.586).
Conclusion: Our findings do not support the potential link between COVID-19 infection risk and
25-hydroxyvitamin D level or vitamin D status.

References

  • 1. Ferrari D, et al. Is there a link between vitamin D status, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity?. Cell Biochem Funct. 2021; 39(1): 35-47.
  • 2. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ map.html. Accessed November 1, 2021.
  • 3. Laird E, et al . Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of Covid-19. Ir Med J. 2020; 113(5): 81.
  • 4. Holick MF, et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul; 96(7): 1911-30.
  • 5- Grant WB, Boucher BJ. Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D and cancer incidence: a modeling study. PLoS One 2017; 12(5): e0176448.
  • 6. Grant WB, et al. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2; 12(4): 988.
  • 7.Watkins J. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020 Feb 28; 368: m810.
  • 8. Ilie PC, et al. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32(7): 1195-1198.
  • 9. Hastie CE, et al. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Jul-Aug; 14(4): 561-565.
  • 10. Atli T, et al. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and effects of ultraviolet light on Vitamin D levels in elderly Turkish population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005; 40(1): 53–60.
  • 11. http://temd.org.tr. Osteoporoz ve Metabolik Kemik Hastalıkları Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu. METABOLIK_KH_BOOK_web_.pdf. [cited May 1, 2021] Available from: http://temd.org.tr.
  • 12. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2014; 144: 138–145.
  • 13. Chodick G, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Travel Med 2020; 27(5): taaa069.
  • 14. Merzon E, et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3693-3702.
  • 15. Mardani R, et al. Association of vitamin D with the modulation of the disease severity in COVID-19. Virus Res. 2020; 289: 198148.
  • 16. Okan F, et al. Effect of Sunlight Exposure on Vitamin D Status of Individuals Living in a Nursing Home and Their Own Homes. J Clin Densitom 2020 ;23(1): 21-28.
  • 17. Livingstone KM, et al. Weekday sunlight exposure, but not vitamin D intake, influences the association between vitamin D receptor genotype and circulating concentration 25-hydroxyvitamin D in apan-European population: the Food4Me study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61(2): 1600476.
  • 18. D'Avolio A, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12(5): 1359.
  • 19. Abdollahi A, et al. The association between the level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, obesity, and underlying diseases with the risk of developing COVID-19 infection: A case-control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran. J Med Virol 2021; 93(4): 2359-2364.
  • 20. Luo X, et al . Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People J Nutr. 2021; 151(1): 98-103.
  • 21. Bassatne A, et al. The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2021; 119: 154753.
  • 22. Demir M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 positivity and severity of the disease. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2992-2999. doi:10.1002/jmv.26832
  • 23. Bayraktar N, et al. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2022;94(1):154-160. doi:10.1002/jmv.27294
  • 24. Berry DJ, et al. Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults. Br J Nutr 2011; 106(9): 1433-1440.
  • 25. Kaufman HW, et al. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS One 2020; 15(9): e0239252.

D Vitamini Düzeyi COVID-19 Enfeksiyonu ile İlişkili midir?

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 48 - 52, 28.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.29058/mjwbs.1059760

Abstract

Amaç: Antiviral ve immün modülatör etkisi olan D vitamininin, dünya çapındaki artan ölüm sayısıyla
birlikte hızla yayılan COVID-19’u önlemedeki etkisi tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı 25-hidroksivitamin
D düzeyinin COVID-19 riski ile ilişkili olup olmadığının belirlenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel tipteki çalışmaya 96 birey (48 COVID-19 pozitif ve 48 COVID-19 negatif)
dahil edildi. Çalışmaya katılanların bireysel ve klinik özelliklerini, D vitamini durumlarını etkileyen
beslenme alışkanlıklarını ve güneş maruziyetlerini değerlendiren anket formu ile veriler toplandı.
25-hidroksivitamin D düzeyi ölçümleri ve Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu test sonuçları değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılanların %86,5’inde D vitamini eksikliği olduğu bulundu. Çalışmada COVID-19
testi pozitif olan ve olmayan bireylerin 25-hidroksivitamin D düzeyi ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel
olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadı (sırasıyla 11,50 ± 6,66 ng/ml, 12,95 ± 6,11 ng/ ml, p = 0,271). D vitamini
durumu (ciddi eksiklik, eksiklik, yetersizlik) COVID -19 enfeksiyonu olan ve olmayanlar arasında benzer
bulundu (p = 0,586). Hasta ve kontrol gruplarının yaşı, BFUI ve D vitamini düzeylerinin karşılanmasında
iki ortalama arasındaki farkın önemlilik testi; kategorik değişkenlerin oran karşılaştırmaları için Ki-kare
ve Fisher’in kesin testi kullanıldı.
Sonuç: Bulgularımız 25- hidroksivitamin D düzeyi ve D vitamini durumu ile COVID-19 enfeksiyonu riski
arasında potansiyel bağlantıyı desteklememektedir.

References

  • 1. Ferrari D, et al. Is there a link between vitamin D status, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity?. Cell Biochem Funct. 2021; 39(1): 35-47.
  • 2. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ map.html. Accessed November 1, 2021.
  • 3. Laird E, et al . Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of Covid-19. Ir Med J. 2020; 113(5): 81.
  • 4. Holick MF, et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul; 96(7): 1911-30.
  • 5- Grant WB, Boucher BJ. Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D and cancer incidence: a modeling study. PLoS One 2017; 12(5): e0176448.
  • 6. Grant WB, et al. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2; 12(4): 988.
  • 7.Watkins J. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020 Feb 28; 368: m810.
  • 8. Ilie PC, et al. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32(7): 1195-1198.
  • 9. Hastie CE, et al. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Jul-Aug; 14(4): 561-565.
  • 10. Atli T, et al. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and effects of ultraviolet light on Vitamin D levels in elderly Turkish population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005; 40(1): 53–60.
  • 11. http://temd.org.tr. Osteoporoz ve Metabolik Kemik Hastalıkları Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu. METABOLIK_KH_BOOK_web_.pdf. [cited May 1, 2021] Available from: http://temd.org.tr.
  • 12. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2014; 144: 138–145.
  • 13. Chodick G, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Travel Med 2020; 27(5): taaa069.
  • 14. Merzon E, et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3693-3702.
  • 15. Mardani R, et al. Association of vitamin D with the modulation of the disease severity in COVID-19. Virus Res. 2020; 289: 198148.
  • 16. Okan F, et al. Effect of Sunlight Exposure on Vitamin D Status of Individuals Living in a Nursing Home and Their Own Homes. J Clin Densitom 2020 ;23(1): 21-28.
  • 17. Livingstone KM, et al. Weekday sunlight exposure, but not vitamin D intake, influences the association between vitamin D receptor genotype and circulating concentration 25-hydroxyvitamin D in apan-European population: the Food4Me study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61(2): 1600476.
  • 18. D'Avolio A, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12(5): 1359.
  • 19. Abdollahi A, et al. The association between the level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, obesity, and underlying diseases with the risk of developing COVID-19 infection: A case-control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran. J Med Virol 2021; 93(4): 2359-2364.
  • 20. Luo X, et al . Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People J Nutr. 2021; 151(1): 98-103.
  • 21. Bassatne A, et al. The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2021; 119: 154753.
  • 22. Demir M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 positivity and severity of the disease. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2992-2999. doi:10.1002/jmv.26832
  • 23. Bayraktar N, et al. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2022;94(1):154-160. doi:10.1002/jmv.27294
  • 24. Berry DJ, et al. Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults. Br J Nutr 2011; 106(9): 1433-1440.
  • 25. Kaufman HW, et al. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS One 2020; 15(9): e0239252.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Okan 0000-0002-7544-9051

Sevil Okan 0000-0002-0446-6866

Yasemin Hanoğlu 0000-0002-3740-2068

Publication Date April 28, 2022
Acceptance Date February 23, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Okan F, Okan S, Hanoğlu Y. Is Vitamin D Level Associated with COVID-19 Infection?. Med J West Black Sea. 2022;6(1):48-52.

Medical Journal of Western Black Sea is a scientific publication of Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine.

This is a refereed journal, which aims at achieving free knowledge to the national and international organizations and individuals related to medical sciences in publishedand electronic forms.

This journal is published three annually in April, August and December.
The publication language of the journal is Turkish and English.