Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Doğal Afetler sonrası Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 103 - 114, 30.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1277673

Öz

Son zamanların en önemli sorunları arasında değerlendirilen, tüm insanlığı etkileyen doğal afetler bir halk sağlığı sorunu haline gelmiştir. Afetlerin hem birey hem de toplum üzerinde sağlık, ekonomik, sosyal ve psikolojik olmak üzere farklı boyutlarda etkileri olmaktadır ve ciddi olumsuz sonuçlara ulaşabilmektedir. Her geçen yıl doğal afetlerden etkilenen birey sayısı da artmaktadır. Doğal afetlerin insan yaşamını ve beden sağlığını tehdit ettiği açık olmakla birlikte ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerine çok az dikkat edilmiştir. Doğal afetler birçok yönden psikolojik iyi oluşumuzu tehdit etmekte hem kısa hem de uzun vadeli psikolojik sıkıntılara yol açabilmekte ve önemli bir psikolojik yük oluşturabilmektedir. Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) ciddi bir tehdit veya fiziksel yaralanma, ölüme yakın bir deneyim, savaşla ilgili travma, cinsel saldırı, kişilerarası çatışmalar, çocuk istismarı veya tıbbi bir hastalığın sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan bir sendromdur. Literatür kapsamlı olarak incelendiğinde doğal afetler sonrası TSSB görülme oranının oldukça fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. Doğal afet sonrası TSSB nedenleri arasında travmanın doğası, şiddeti, bireyin yakınını ve/veya mülkünü kaybetmesi, zayıf baş etme becerisi, yerinden edilmesi ve doğrudan afete maruz kalması gibi faktörler sayılabilir. Araştırmalar hem farmakolojik olmayan hem de farmakolojik tedavinin TSSB üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Saeed SA, Gargano SP. Natural disasters and mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2022;34(1):16-25.
  • Goldmann E, Galea S. Mental health consequences of disasters. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:169-83.
  • Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006;2:161-97.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • Friedman MJ. Finalizing PTSD in DSM‐5: Getting here from there and where to go next. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(5):548-56.
  • Crocq MA, Crocq L. From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder: a history of psychotraumatology. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2000;2(1):47-55.
  • Özen Y. Psychological traumen is the old history of mankind. J Soc Sci. 2017;1(2):104-17. Turkish.
  • Gasquoine PG. Railway spine: The advent of compensation for concussive symptoms. J Hist Neurosci. 2020;29(2):234-45.
  • DiMauro J, Carter S, Folk JB, Kashdan TB. A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(8):774-86.
  • Jones E, Wessely S. A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(2):164-75.
  • Spitzer RL, First MB, Wakefield JC. Saving PTSD from itself in DSM-V. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(2):233-41.
  • Archibald HC, Long DM, Miller C, Tuddenham RD. Gross stress reaction in combat--a 15 year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 1962;119(4):317-22.
  • Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379-91.
  • Breslau N, Kessler RC. The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical investigation. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(9):699-704.
  • Roemer L, Orsillo SM, Borkovec TD, Litz BT. Emotional response at the time of a potentially traumatizing event and PTSD symptomatology: A preliminary retrospective analysis of the DSM-IV criterion A-2. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1998;29(2):123-30.
  • Hoge CW, Riviere LA, Wilk JE, Herrell RK, Weathers FW. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: a head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV-TR symptom criteria with the PTSD checklist. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):269-77.
  • Pai A, Suris AM, North CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the DSM-5: Controversy, change, and conceptual considerations. Behav Sci. 2017;7(1):7.
  • Karaman ZT. Introduction to disaster management and organization in Türkiye. In: Karaman ZT, Altay A, editors. Integrated Disaster Management. İzmir, Türkiye: İlkem Matbaacılık; 2017. p.1-36. Turkish.
  • Yeo J, Comfort LK. An expected event, but unprecedented damage: Structure and gaps of large-scale response coordination of the 2011 Thailand floods. Disaster Prev Manag. 2017;26(4):458-70.
  • Agyapong B, Shalaby R, Eboreime E, Obuobi-Donkor G, Owusu E, Adu MK, et al. Cumulative trauma from multiple natural disasters increases mental health burden on residents of Fort McMurray. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2022;13(1):2059999.
  • Yorulmaz DS, Karadeniz H. Effects of disasters on mental health. Doğ Afet Çev Derg. 2021;7(2):392-8. Turkish.
  • Kar N, Bastia BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006;2:17.
  • Sá SD, Werlang BSG, Paranhos ME. Crisis intervention. Rev Bras Ter Cogn. 2008;4(1):1-10. Portuguese.
  • Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC, Vermetten E, Lanius RA, Nievergelt CM, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15057.
  • Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Boden JM, Mulder RT. Impact of a major disaster on the mental health of a well-studied cohort. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(9):1025-31.
  • Cankardaş S, Sofuoğlu Z. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and their predictors in earthquake or fire survivors. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2019;30(3):151-6. Turkish.
  • Bromet EJ, Atwoli L, Kawakami N, Navarro-Mateu F, Piotrowski P, King AJ, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med. 2017;47(2):227-41.
  • Boztaş MH, Aker AT, Münir K, Çelik F, Aydın A, Karasu U, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder among adults in the aftermath of 2011 Van-Ercis earth-quake in Turkey. Turkish J Clinical Psychiatry. 2019;22(4):380-8.
  • Bulut S. Comparing children posttraumatic stress reactions in terms of age and gender after an earthquake. Turkish Psychol Couns Guid J. 2009;4(31):43-51.
  • Cénat JM, Derivois D. Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months. J Affect Disord. 2014;159:111-7.
  • Salloum A, Overstreet S. Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37(3):495-507.
  • Nasri RI, Seniwati T, Erfina E. Screening of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among flood victims in Indonesia. Enfermería Clínica. 2020;30(Suppl 2):345-9.
  • Huang P, Tan H, Liu A, Feng S, Chen M. Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder among adults in flood district. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:207.
  • Chen L, Liu A. The incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder after floods: a meta-analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015;9(3):329-33.
  • Rezayat AA, Sahebdel S, Jafari S, Kabirian A, Rahnejat AM, Farahani RH, et al. Evaluating the prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescents after earthquakes and floods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(4):1265-90.
  • Sahebi A, Yousefi A, Abdi K, Jamshidbeigi Y, Moayedi S, Torres M, et al. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:764738.
  • Armagan E, Engindeniz Z, Devay AO, Erdur B, Ozcakir A. Frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder among relief force workers after the tsunami in Asia: do rescuers become victims? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2006;21(3):168-72.
  • Chang CM, Connor KM, Lai TJ, Lee LC, Davidson JR. Predictors of posttraumatic outcomes following the 1999 Taiwan earthquake. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193(1):40-6.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health hazard evaluation of police officers and firefighters after Hurricane Katrina--New Orleans, Louisiana, October 17-28 and November 30-December 5, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55(16):456-8.
  • Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S. Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2008;38(4):467-80.
  • Chen S, Bagrodia R, Pfeffer CC, Meli L, Bonanno GA. Anxiety and resilience in the face of natural disasters associated with climate change: A review and methodological critique. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;76:102297.
  • Dai W, Chen L, Lai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:188.
  • Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Galea S, Resnick HS, Koenen K, Roitzsch J, et al. Psychological sequelae resulting from the 2004 Florida hurricanes: implications for postdisaster intervention. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(Suppl 1):S103-8.
  • Zhang Z, Wang W, Shi Z, Wang L, Zhang J. Mental health problems among the survivors in the hard-hit areas of the Yushu earthquake. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46449.
  • Doocy S, Daniels A, Packer C, Dick A, Kirsch TD. The human impact of earthquakes: a historical review of events 1980-2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Curr. 2013;16:5:ecurrents.dis.67bd14fe457f1db0b5433a8ee20fb833.
  • Reacher M, McKenzie K, Lane C, Nichols T, Kedge I, Iversen A, et al. Health impacts of flooding in Lewes: a comparison of reported gastrointestinal and other illness and mental health in flooded and non-flooded households. Commun Dis Public Health. 2004;7(1):39-46.
  • Telles S, Singh N, Joshi M. Risk of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the floods in Bihar, India. Indian J Med Sci. 2009;63(8):330-4.
  • Norris FH. Disasters in urban context. J Urban Health. 2002;79(3):308-14.
  • Fitzpatrick KM. Post-traumatic stress symptomatology and displacement among Hurricane Harvey survivors. Soc Sci Med. 2021;270:113634.
  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D. The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12(4):857-85.
  • Leiva-Bianchi M, Cornejo F, Fresno A, Rojas C, Serrano C. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-disaster distress in post-traumatic stress symptoms after Chilean earthquake and tsunami. Gac Sanit. 2018;32(3):291-6.
  • Lea CS, Littleton H, Allen AB, Beasley CM. Resilience, self-compassion, and mental health outcomes: Rebuilding eastern North Carolina after natural disasters. N C Med J. 2020;81(5):315-9.
  • Nillni YI, Nosen E, Williams PA, Tracy M, Coffey SF, Galea S. Unique and related predictors of major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and their comorbidity following Hurricane Katrina. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(10):841-7.
  • Mandavia AD, Bonanno GA. When natural disaster follows economic downturn: The incremental impact of multiple stressor events on trajectories of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(2):173-82.
  • Weems CF. The importance of the post-disaster context in fostering human resilience. Lancet Planet Health. 2019;3(2):e53-4.
  • Heir T, Hussain A, Kristensen P, Weisæth L. Delayed post-traumatic stress and memory inflation of life-threatening events following a natural disaster: prospective study. BJPsych open. 2021;7(4):e132.
  • An Y, Fu G, Yuan G, Zhang Q, Xu W. Dispositional mindfulness mediates the relations between neuroticism and posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in Chinese adolescents after a tornado. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;24(3):482-93.
  • Li Y, Lv Q, Li B, Luo D, Sun X, Xu J. The role of trauma experiences, personality traits, and genotype in maintaining posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):439.
  • Yin Q, Wu L, Yu X, Liu W. Neuroticism predicts a long-term PTSD after earthquake trauma: the moderating effects of personality. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:657.
  • Psarros C, Theleritis C, Kokras N, Lyrakos D, Koborozos A, Kakabakou O, et al. Personality characteristics and individual factors associated with PTSD in firefighters one month after extended wildfires. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72(1):17-23.
  • Birkmann J, Jamshed A, McMillan JM, Feldmeyer D, Totin E, Solecki W, et al. Understanding human vulnerability to climate change: A global perspective on index validation for adaptation planning. Sci Total Environ. 2022;803:150065.
  • Moise IK, Ruiz MO. Hospitalizations for substance abuse disorders before and after Hurricane Katrina: spatial clustering and area-level predictors, New Orleans, 2004 and 2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016;13:E145.
  • Gnass I, Ritschel M, Andrich S, Kuske S, Moschinski K, Herrmann-Frank A, et al. Assessment of patient-reported outcomes after polytrauma: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e017571.
  • Mao W, Agyapong VIO. The role of social determinants in mental health and resilience after disasters: Implications for public health policy and practice. Front Public Health. 2021;9:658528.
  • Agyapong VIO, Hrabok M, Juhas M, Omeje J, Denga E, Nwaka B, et al. Prevalence rates and predictors of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in residents of Fort McMurray six months after a wildfire. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:345.
  • Xie Z, Xu J, Wu Z. Mental health problems among survivors in hard-hit areas of the 5.12 Wenchuan and 4.20 Lushan earthquakes. J Ment Health. 2017;26(1):43-9.
  • Ahern J, Galea S, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Bucuvalas M, Gold J, et al. Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychiatry. 2002;65(4):289-300.
  • Henslee AM, Coffey SF, Schumacher JA, Tracy M, Norris FH, Galea S. Religious coping and psychological and behavioral adjustment after Hurricane Katrina. J Psychol. 2015;149(6):630-42.
  • Park CL, Sacco SJ, Mills MA. Do religious habits and coping help in the immediate aftermath of a crisis? Relations with Hurricane Katrina evacuees' acute stress symptoms and functional impairment. Psychol Trauma. 2019;11(6):563-70.
  • Feder A, Ahmad S, Lee EJ, Morgan JE, Singh R, Smith BW, et al. Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: purpose in life, religious coping and social support. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1-3):156-63.
  • Lowe SR, Raker EJ, Waters MC, Rhodes JE. Predisaster predictors of posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories: An analysis of low-income women in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. PloS One. 2020;15(10):e0240038.
  • Brown LA, Fernandez CA, Kohn R, Saldivia S, Vicente B. Pre-disaster PTSD as a moderator of the relationship between natural disaster and suicidal ideation over time. J Affect Disord. 2018;230:7-14.
  • McDonald-Harker C, Drolet JL, Sehgal A, Brown MRG, Silverstone PH, Brett-MacLean P, et al. Social-ecological factors associated with higher levels of resilience in children and youth after disaster: the importance of caregiver and peer support. Front Public Health. 2021;9:682634.
  • Lalani N, Drolet JL, McDonald-Harker C, Brown MRG, Brett-MacLean P, Agyapong VIO, et al. Nurturing spiritual resilience to promote post-disaster community recovery: the 2016 Alberta wildfire in Canada. Front Public Health. 2021;9:682558.
  • Norris FH, Tracy M, Galea S. Looking for resilience: understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(12):2190-8.
  • Cao-Lei L, Yogendran S, Dufoix R, Elgbeili G, Laplante DP, King S. Prenatal maternal stress from a natural disaster and hippocampal volumes: gene-by-environment interactions in young adolescents from project ice storm. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;15:706660.
  • Rosen V, Ayers G. An update on the complexity and importance of accurately diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Insights. 2020;15:2633105520907895.
  • Chen A, Rosenbaum S, Wells R, Gould K, Ward PB, Steel Z. Obesity, physical activity and sleep quality in patients admitted to a posttraumatic stress inpatient ward. Australas Psychiatry. 2020;28(3):270-3.
  • Özgen F, Aydın H. Posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psy. 1999;2(1):34-41. Turkish.
  • Çırakoğlu OC. Uzun süren bir savaş: travma sonrasi stres bozukluğu. Pivolka. 2003;2(Savaş Özel Sayisi):20-1. Turkish.
  • Kukuoğlu A. Psychological traumas after natural disasters and a sample psychological support education program. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2018;1(1):39-52.
  • Kübler-Ross E, Wessler S, Avioli LV. On death and dying. JAMA. 1972;221(2):174-9.
  • Aksöz İ. Kayıp ve yas. In: Erdur Baker Ö, Doğan T, editors. Afetler, krizler, travmalar ve psikolojik yardım. Ankara: Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği; 2014. p.43-63. Turkish.
  • Yılmaz B. Traumatic stress in relief workers. J Clin Psy. 2007;10(3):137-47. Turkish.
  • Kristensen P, Weisæth L, Heir T. Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: a review. Psychiatry. 2012;75(1):76-97.
  • Johannesson KB, Lundin T, Hultman CM, Lindam A, Dyster-Aas J, Arnberg F, et al. The effect of traumatic bereavement on tsunami-exposed survivors. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22(6):497-504.
  • Kristensen P, Weisaeth L, Heir T. Predictors of complicated grief after a natural disaster: a population study two years after the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami. Death Stud. 2010;34(2):137-50.
  • Shear KM, Jackson CT, Essock SM, Donahue SA, Felton CJ. Screening for complicated grief among Project Liberty service recipients 18 months after September 11, 2001. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(9):1291-7.
  • Neria Y, Gross R, Litz B, Maguen S, Insel B, Seirmarco G, et al. Prevalence and psychological correlates of complicated grief among bereaved adults 2.5-3.5 years after September 11th attacks. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(3):251-62.
  • Carmi L, Fostick L, Burshtein S, Cwikel-Hamzany S, Zohar J. PTSD treatment in light of DSM-5 and the "golden hours" concept. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):279-82.
  • Hoge EA, Worthington JJ, Nagurney JT, Chang Y, Kay EB, Feterowski CM, et al. Effect of acute posttrauma propranolol on PTSD outcome and physiological responses during script‐driven imagery. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(1):21-7.
  • Tanir Y, Günay Kılıç B. Pharmacological approach in posttraumatic stress disorder. Turkiye Klinikleri J Child Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2016;2(3):59-63. Turkish.
  • Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ, Cohen JA. Effective treatments for PTSD: practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2010.
  • Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull. 1986;99(1):20-35.
  • Silveira S, Kornbluh M, Withers MC, Grennan G, Ramanathan V, Mishra J. Chronic mental health sequelae of climate change extremes: A case study of the deadliest Californian wildfire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1487.
  • Longmuir C, Agyapong VIO. Social and mental health impact of nuclear disaster in survivors: A narrative review. Behav Sci (Basel). 2021;11(8):113.
  • Dunlop BW, Rothbaum BO, Binder EB, Duncan E, Harvey PD, Jovanovic T, et al. Evaluation of a corticotropin releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist in women with posttraumatic stress disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:240.
  • Cameron C, Watson D, Robinson J. Use of a synthetic cannabinoid in a correctional population for posttraumatic stress disorder–related insomnia and nightmares, chronic pain, harm reduction, and other indications: a retrospective evaluation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(5):559-64.
  • Jetly R, Heber A, Fraser G, Boisvert D. The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: a preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:585-8.
  • Feder A, Parides MK, Murrough JW, Perez AM, Morgan JE, Saxena S, et al. Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(6):681-8.
  • de Kleine RA, Rothbaum BO, Van Minnen A. Pharmacological enhancement of exposure-based treatment in PTSD: a qualitative review. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2013;4(1):21626.
  • Kupferschmidt K. Can ecstasy treat the agony of PTSD? Science. 2014;345(6192):22-3.
  • Cohen H, Liu T, Kozlovsky N, Kaplan Z, Zohar J, Mathé AA. The neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic system is associated with behavioral resilience to stress exposure in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(2):350-63.
  • Novakovic V, Sher L, Lapidus KA, Mindes J, Golier JA, Yehuda R. Brain stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2011;2(1):5609.
  • Karsen EF, Watts BV, Holtzheimer PE. Review of the effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(2):151-7.
  • Rothbaum BO, Price M, Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Gerardi M, Dunlop B, et al. A randomized, double-blind evaluation of D-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(6):640-8.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 103 - 114, 30.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1277673

Öz

Natural disasters, which are considered as one of the most important problems of recent times, affecting all humanity, have become a public health problem. Disasters have effects on both individuals and society in different dimensions, including health, economic, social, and psychological, and can have serious negative consequences. The number of individuals affected by natural disasters is increasing every year. While it is clear that natural disasters threaten human life and bodily health, little attention has been paid to their effects on mental health. Natural disasters threaten our psychological well-being in many ways, cause both short-term and long-term psychological distress and create a significant psychological burden. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome that occurs as a result of a serious threat or physical injury, a near-death experience, war-related trauma, sexual assault, interpersonal conflicts, child abuse, or a medical illness. When the literature is examined comprehensively, it has been determined that the incidence of PTSD after natural disasters is quite high. Causes of post-disaster PTSD include the nature of the trauma, its severity, loss of relatives and/or property, poor coping skills, displacement, and direct exposure to disaster. Studies have shown that both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments are effective on PTSD.

Kaynakça

  • Saeed SA, Gargano SP. Natural disasters and mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2022;34(1):16-25.
  • Goldmann E, Galea S. Mental health consequences of disasters. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:169-83.
  • Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006;2:161-97.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • Friedman MJ. Finalizing PTSD in DSM‐5: Getting here from there and where to go next. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(5):548-56.
  • Crocq MA, Crocq L. From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder: a history of psychotraumatology. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2000;2(1):47-55.
  • Özen Y. Psychological traumen is the old history of mankind. J Soc Sci. 2017;1(2):104-17. Turkish.
  • Gasquoine PG. Railway spine: The advent of compensation for concussive symptoms. J Hist Neurosci. 2020;29(2):234-45.
  • DiMauro J, Carter S, Folk JB, Kashdan TB. A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(8):774-86.
  • Jones E, Wessely S. A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(2):164-75.
  • Spitzer RL, First MB, Wakefield JC. Saving PTSD from itself in DSM-V. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(2):233-41.
  • Archibald HC, Long DM, Miller C, Tuddenham RD. Gross stress reaction in combat--a 15 year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 1962;119(4):317-22.
  • Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379-91.
  • Breslau N, Kessler RC. The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical investigation. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(9):699-704.
  • Roemer L, Orsillo SM, Borkovec TD, Litz BT. Emotional response at the time of a potentially traumatizing event and PTSD symptomatology: A preliminary retrospective analysis of the DSM-IV criterion A-2. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1998;29(2):123-30.
  • Hoge CW, Riviere LA, Wilk JE, Herrell RK, Weathers FW. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: a head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV-TR symptom criteria with the PTSD checklist. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):269-77.
  • Pai A, Suris AM, North CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the DSM-5: Controversy, change, and conceptual considerations. Behav Sci. 2017;7(1):7.
  • Karaman ZT. Introduction to disaster management and organization in Türkiye. In: Karaman ZT, Altay A, editors. Integrated Disaster Management. İzmir, Türkiye: İlkem Matbaacılık; 2017. p.1-36. Turkish.
  • Yeo J, Comfort LK. An expected event, but unprecedented damage: Structure and gaps of large-scale response coordination of the 2011 Thailand floods. Disaster Prev Manag. 2017;26(4):458-70.
  • Agyapong B, Shalaby R, Eboreime E, Obuobi-Donkor G, Owusu E, Adu MK, et al. Cumulative trauma from multiple natural disasters increases mental health burden on residents of Fort McMurray. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2022;13(1):2059999.
  • Yorulmaz DS, Karadeniz H. Effects of disasters on mental health. Doğ Afet Çev Derg. 2021;7(2):392-8. Turkish.
  • Kar N, Bastia BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006;2:17.
  • Sá SD, Werlang BSG, Paranhos ME. Crisis intervention. Rev Bras Ter Cogn. 2008;4(1):1-10. Portuguese.
  • Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC, Vermetten E, Lanius RA, Nievergelt CM, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15057.
  • Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Boden JM, Mulder RT. Impact of a major disaster on the mental health of a well-studied cohort. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(9):1025-31.
  • Cankardaş S, Sofuoğlu Z. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and their predictors in earthquake or fire survivors. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2019;30(3):151-6. Turkish.
  • Bromet EJ, Atwoli L, Kawakami N, Navarro-Mateu F, Piotrowski P, King AJ, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med. 2017;47(2):227-41.
  • Boztaş MH, Aker AT, Münir K, Çelik F, Aydın A, Karasu U, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder among adults in the aftermath of 2011 Van-Ercis earth-quake in Turkey. Turkish J Clinical Psychiatry. 2019;22(4):380-8.
  • Bulut S. Comparing children posttraumatic stress reactions in terms of age and gender after an earthquake. Turkish Psychol Couns Guid J. 2009;4(31):43-51.
  • Cénat JM, Derivois D. Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months. J Affect Disord. 2014;159:111-7.
  • Salloum A, Overstreet S. Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37(3):495-507.
  • Nasri RI, Seniwati T, Erfina E. Screening of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among flood victims in Indonesia. Enfermería Clínica. 2020;30(Suppl 2):345-9.
  • Huang P, Tan H, Liu A, Feng S, Chen M. Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder among adults in flood district. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:207.
  • Chen L, Liu A. The incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder after floods: a meta-analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015;9(3):329-33.
  • Rezayat AA, Sahebdel S, Jafari S, Kabirian A, Rahnejat AM, Farahani RH, et al. Evaluating the prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescents after earthquakes and floods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(4):1265-90.
  • Sahebi A, Yousefi A, Abdi K, Jamshidbeigi Y, Moayedi S, Torres M, et al. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:764738.
  • Armagan E, Engindeniz Z, Devay AO, Erdur B, Ozcakir A. Frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder among relief force workers after the tsunami in Asia: do rescuers become victims? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2006;21(3):168-72.
  • Chang CM, Connor KM, Lai TJ, Lee LC, Davidson JR. Predictors of posttraumatic outcomes following the 1999 Taiwan earthquake. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193(1):40-6.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health hazard evaluation of police officers and firefighters after Hurricane Katrina--New Orleans, Louisiana, October 17-28 and November 30-December 5, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55(16):456-8.
  • Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S. Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2008;38(4):467-80.
  • Chen S, Bagrodia R, Pfeffer CC, Meli L, Bonanno GA. Anxiety and resilience in the face of natural disasters associated with climate change: A review and methodological critique. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;76:102297.
  • Dai W, Chen L, Lai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:188.
  • Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Galea S, Resnick HS, Koenen K, Roitzsch J, et al. Psychological sequelae resulting from the 2004 Florida hurricanes: implications for postdisaster intervention. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(Suppl 1):S103-8.
  • Zhang Z, Wang W, Shi Z, Wang L, Zhang J. Mental health problems among the survivors in the hard-hit areas of the Yushu earthquake. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46449.
  • Doocy S, Daniels A, Packer C, Dick A, Kirsch TD. The human impact of earthquakes: a historical review of events 1980-2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Curr. 2013;16:5:ecurrents.dis.67bd14fe457f1db0b5433a8ee20fb833.
  • Reacher M, McKenzie K, Lane C, Nichols T, Kedge I, Iversen A, et al. Health impacts of flooding in Lewes: a comparison of reported gastrointestinal and other illness and mental health in flooded and non-flooded households. Commun Dis Public Health. 2004;7(1):39-46.
  • Telles S, Singh N, Joshi M. Risk of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the floods in Bihar, India. Indian J Med Sci. 2009;63(8):330-4.
  • Norris FH. Disasters in urban context. J Urban Health. 2002;79(3):308-14.
  • Fitzpatrick KM. Post-traumatic stress symptomatology and displacement among Hurricane Harvey survivors. Soc Sci Med. 2021;270:113634.
  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D. The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12(4):857-85.
  • Leiva-Bianchi M, Cornejo F, Fresno A, Rojas C, Serrano C. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-disaster distress in post-traumatic stress symptoms after Chilean earthquake and tsunami. Gac Sanit. 2018;32(3):291-6.
  • Lea CS, Littleton H, Allen AB, Beasley CM. Resilience, self-compassion, and mental health outcomes: Rebuilding eastern North Carolina after natural disasters. N C Med J. 2020;81(5):315-9.
  • Nillni YI, Nosen E, Williams PA, Tracy M, Coffey SF, Galea S. Unique and related predictors of major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and their comorbidity following Hurricane Katrina. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(10):841-7.
  • Mandavia AD, Bonanno GA. When natural disaster follows economic downturn: The incremental impact of multiple stressor events on trajectories of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(2):173-82.
  • Weems CF. The importance of the post-disaster context in fostering human resilience. Lancet Planet Health. 2019;3(2):e53-4.
  • Heir T, Hussain A, Kristensen P, Weisæth L. Delayed post-traumatic stress and memory inflation of life-threatening events following a natural disaster: prospective study. BJPsych open. 2021;7(4):e132.
  • An Y, Fu G, Yuan G, Zhang Q, Xu W. Dispositional mindfulness mediates the relations between neuroticism and posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in Chinese adolescents after a tornado. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;24(3):482-93.
  • Li Y, Lv Q, Li B, Luo D, Sun X, Xu J. The role of trauma experiences, personality traits, and genotype in maintaining posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):439.
  • Yin Q, Wu L, Yu X, Liu W. Neuroticism predicts a long-term PTSD after earthquake trauma: the moderating effects of personality. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:657.
  • Psarros C, Theleritis C, Kokras N, Lyrakos D, Koborozos A, Kakabakou O, et al. Personality characteristics and individual factors associated with PTSD in firefighters one month after extended wildfires. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72(1):17-23.
  • Birkmann J, Jamshed A, McMillan JM, Feldmeyer D, Totin E, Solecki W, et al. Understanding human vulnerability to climate change: A global perspective on index validation for adaptation planning. Sci Total Environ. 2022;803:150065.
  • Moise IK, Ruiz MO. Hospitalizations for substance abuse disorders before and after Hurricane Katrina: spatial clustering and area-level predictors, New Orleans, 2004 and 2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016;13:E145.
  • Gnass I, Ritschel M, Andrich S, Kuske S, Moschinski K, Herrmann-Frank A, et al. Assessment of patient-reported outcomes after polytrauma: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e017571.
  • Mao W, Agyapong VIO. The role of social determinants in mental health and resilience after disasters: Implications for public health policy and practice. Front Public Health. 2021;9:658528.
  • Agyapong VIO, Hrabok M, Juhas M, Omeje J, Denga E, Nwaka B, et al. Prevalence rates and predictors of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in residents of Fort McMurray six months after a wildfire. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:345.
  • Xie Z, Xu J, Wu Z. Mental health problems among survivors in hard-hit areas of the 5.12 Wenchuan and 4.20 Lushan earthquakes. J Ment Health. 2017;26(1):43-9.
  • Ahern J, Galea S, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Bucuvalas M, Gold J, et al. Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychiatry. 2002;65(4):289-300.
  • Henslee AM, Coffey SF, Schumacher JA, Tracy M, Norris FH, Galea S. Religious coping and psychological and behavioral adjustment after Hurricane Katrina. J Psychol. 2015;149(6):630-42.
  • Park CL, Sacco SJ, Mills MA. Do religious habits and coping help in the immediate aftermath of a crisis? Relations with Hurricane Katrina evacuees' acute stress symptoms and functional impairment. Psychol Trauma. 2019;11(6):563-70.
  • Feder A, Ahmad S, Lee EJ, Morgan JE, Singh R, Smith BW, et al. Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: purpose in life, religious coping and social support. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1-3):156-63.
  • Lowe SR, Raker EJ, Waters MC, Rhodes JE. Predisaster predictors of posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories: An analysis of low-income women in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. PloS One. 2020;15(10):e0240038.
  • Brown LA, Fernandez CA, Kohn R, Saldivia S, Vicente B. Pre-disaster PTSD as a moderator of the relationship between natural disaster and suicidal ideation over time. J Affect Disord. 2018;230:7-14.
  • McDonald-Harker C, Drolet JL, Sehgal A, Brown MRG, Silverstone PH, Brett-MacLean P, et al. Social-ecological factors associated with higher levels of resilience in children and youth after disaster: the importance of caregiver and peer support. Front Public Health. 2021;9:682634.
  • Lalani N, Drolet JL, McDonald-Harker C, Brown MRG, Brett-MacLean P, Agyapong VIO, et al. Nurturing spiritual resilience to promote post-disaster community recovery: the 2016 Alberta wildfire in Canada. Front Public Health. 2021;9:682558.
  • Norris FH, Tracy M, Galea S. Looking for resilience: understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(12):2190-8.
  • Cao-Lei L, Yogendran S, Dufoix R, Elgbeili G, Laplante DP, King S. Prenatal maternal stress from a natural disaster and hippocampal volumes: gene-by-environment interactions in young adolescents from project ice storm. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;15:706660.
  • Rosen V, Ayers G. An update on the complexity and importance of accurately diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Insights. 2020;15:2633105520907895.
  • Chen A, Rosenbaum S, Wells R, Gould K, Ward PB, Steel Z. Obesity, physical activity and sleep quality in patients admitted to a posttraumatic stress inpatient ward. Australas Psychiatry. 2020;28(3):270-3.
  • Özgen F, Aydın H. Posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psy. 1999;2(1):34-41. Turkish.
  • Çırakoğlu OC. Uzun süren bir savaş: travma sonrasi stres bozukluğu. Pivolka. 2003;2(Savaş Özel Sayisi):20-1. Turkish.
  • Kukuoğlu A. Psychological traumas after natural disasters and a sample psychological support education program. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2018;1(1):39-52.
  • Kübler-Ross E, Wessler S, Avioli LV. On death and dying. JAMA. 1972;221(2):174-9.
  • Aksöz İ. Kayıp ve yas. In: Erdur Baker Ö, Doğan T, editors. Afetler, krizler, travmalar ve psikolojik yardım. Ankara: Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği; 2014. p.43-63. Turkish.
  • Yılmaz B. Traumatic stress in relief workers. J Clin Psy. 2007;10(3):137-47. Turkish.
  • Kristensen P, Weisæth L, Heir T. Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: a review. Psychiatry. 2012;75(1):76-97.
  • Johannesson KB, Lundin T, Hultman CM, Lindam A, Dyster-Aas J, Arnberg F, et al. The effect of traumatic bereavement on tsunami-exposed survivors. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22(6):497-504.
  • Kristensen P, Weisaeth L, Heir T. Predictors of complicated grief after a natural disaster: a population study two years after the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami. Death Stud. 2010;34(2):137-50.
  • Shear KM, Jackson CT, Essock SM, Donahue SA, Felton CJ. Screening for complicated grief among Project Liberty service recipients 18 months after September 11, 2001. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(9):1291-7.
  • Neria Y, Gross R, Litz B, Maguen S, Insel B, Seirmarco G, et al. Prevalence and psychological correlates of complicated grief among bereaved adults 2.5-3.5 years after September 11th attacks. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(3):251-62.
  • Carmi L, Fostick L, Burshtein S, Cwikel-Hamzany S, Zohar J. PTSD treatment in light of DSM-5 and the "golden hours" concept. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):279-82.
  • Hoge EA, Worthington JJ, Nagurney JT, Chang Y, Kay EB, Feterowski CM, et al. Effect of acute posttrauma propranolol on PTSD outcome and physiological responses during script‐driven imagery. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(1):21-7.
  • Tanir Y, Günay Kılıç B. Pharmacological approach in posttraumatic stress disorder. Turkiye Klinikleri J Child Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2016;2(3):59-63. Turkish.
  • Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ, Cohen JA. Effective treatments for PTSD: practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2010.
  • Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull. 1986;99(1):20-35.
  • Silveira S, Kornbluh M, Withers MC, Grennan G, Ramanathan V, Mishra J. Chronic mental health sequelae of climate change extremes: A case study of the deadliest Californian wildfire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1487.
  • Longmuir C, Agyapong VIO. Social and mental health impact of nuclear disaster in survivors: A narrative review. Behav Sci (Basel). 2021;11(8):113.
  • Dunlop BW, Rothbaum BO, Binder EB, Duncan E, Harvey PD, Jovanovic T, et al. Evaluation of a corticotropin releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist in women with posttraumatic stress disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:240.
  • Cameron C, Watson D, Robinson J. Use of a synthetic cannabinoid in a correctional population for posttraumatic stress disorder–related insomnia and nightmares, chronic pain, harm reduction, and other indications: a retrospective evaluation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(5):559-64.
  • Jetly R, Heber A, Fraser G, Boisvert D. The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: a preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:585-8.
  • Feder A, Parides MK, Murrough JW, Perez AM, Morgan JE, Saxena S, et al. Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(6):681-8.
  • de Kleine RA, Rothbaum BO, Van Minnen A. Pharmacological enhancement of exposure-based treatment in PTSD: a qualitative review. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2013;4(1):21626.
  • Kupferschmidt K. Can ecstasy treat the agony of PTSD? Science. 2014;345(6192):22-3.
  • Cohen H, Liu T, Kozlovsky N, Kaplan Z, Zohar J, Mathé AA. The neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic system is associated with behavioral resilience to stress exposure in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(2):350-63.
  • Novakovic V, Sher L, Lapidus KA, Mindes J, Golier JA, Yehuda R. Brain stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2011;2(1):5609.
  • Karsen EF, Watts BV, Holtzheimer PE. Review of the effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(2):151-7.
  • Rothbaum BO, Price M, Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Gerardi M, Dunlop B, et al. A randomized, double-blind evaluation of D-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(6):640-8.
Toplam 106 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Davetli Derleme
Yazarlar

Doğancan Sönmez 0000-0003-0937-8264

Cicek Hocaoglu 0000-0001-6613-4317

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sönmez, D., & Hocaoglu, C. (2023). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review. Duzce Medical Journal, 25(2), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1277673
AMA Sönmez D, Hocaoglu C. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review. Duzce Med J. Ağustos 2023;25(2):103-114. doi:10.18678/dtfd.1277673
Chicago Sönmez, Doğancan, ve Cicek Hocaoglu. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review”. Duzce Medical Journal 25, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 103-14. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1277673.
EndNote Sönmez D, Hocaoglu C (01 Ağustos 2023) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review. Duzce Medical Journal 25 2 103–114.
IEEE D. Sönmez ve C. Hocaoglu, “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review”, Duzce Med J, c. 25, sy. 2, ss. 103–114, 2023, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.1277673.
ISNAD Sönmez, Doğancan - Hocaoglu, Cicek. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review”. Duzce Medical Journal 25/2 (Ağustos 2023), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1277673.
JAMA Sönmez D, Hocaoglu C. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review. Duzce Med J. 2023;25:103–114.
MLA Sönmez, Doğancan ve Cicek Hocaoglu. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review”. Duzce Medical Journal, c. 25, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 103-14, doi:10.18678/dtfd.1277673.
Vancouver Sönmez D, Hocaoglu C. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review. Duzce Med J. 2023;25(2):103-14.
Creative Commons Lisansı
Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.