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An Investigation of the Relationship Between the Chronotypes of Mothers Who Had Normal Delivery and Various Characteristics of Them and Their Babies

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 6, 768 - 773, 31.12.2022

Eda Baytaş Dilek Erdem H. Bayram Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1181497

Öz

Introduction: Biological changes in human metabolism due to daylight and heat are expressed as circadian rhythm, and its classification according to individuals and their genetic differences is called chronotype. In recent years, there has been an increase in studies examining the relationship between circadian rhythm and birth. Purpose: This study’s first aim was to investigate the relationship between the chronotypes of mothers and time of birth, season, meridians in which they were born, and the gender of their babies. Its second aim was to examine the relationship between the birth times and chronotypes of pregnant women and the time of their deliveries.
Method: The study was conducted among women presented to Alanya Training and Research Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Polyclinic between 01.02.2022 and 31.03.2022. The study included 147 women remembering the date and time of delivery. Participants were selected among the mothers who gave a normal birth, did not have labor induction, whose birth started with spontaneous contractions, and had a healthy pregnancy. A questionnaire form including sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric information, and Horne and Östberg's Morningness- Eveningness scale were applied face to face. One-way ANOVA, Chi-Square, and logistic regression analyses were employed to analyze the data.
Results: The chronotypes of the participants revealed that 45 women (30.6%) were morning type, 90 women were intermediate type (61.2%), and 12 women were evening type (8.2%). No difference was found between the chronotype scores of the mothers and the birth hours of their babies (p = .324). There was no difference between mothers' chronotype scores and birth meridians (p = .842). In addition, no significant relationship was found between the mothers' own birth hours and the birth hours of their babies (p= .050).
Conclusion: There was no relationship between birth time, season, gender, birth meridian, and chronotype. The limitation of the study may be related to the recall bias, the effect of confounding factors, and the sample size. However, we think it is an interesting field in terms of providing a different perspective on the differences in performance and mood of people with further studies regarding chronotype.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chronotype Morningness Eveningness Time of Birth Meridian of Birth.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kudielka BM, Federenko IS, Hellhammer DH, Wüst S. Morningness and eveningness: The free cortisol rise after awakening in “early birds” and “night owls.” Biol Psychol. 2006 May 1;72(2):141–6.
  • 2. Kurt C. Kronobiyoloji ve Fiziksel Performans. Türkiye Klin J Sport Sci. 2010;2(2):103–8.
  • 3. Díaz-Morales JF. Morning and evening-types: Exploring their personality styles. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(4):769–78.
  • 4. Hidalgo MP, Caumo W, Posser M, Coccaro SB, Camozzato AL, Chaves MLF. Relationship between depressive mood and chronotype in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2009 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Nov 1];63(3):283–90. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01965.x
  • 5. Kivelä L, Papadopoulos MR, Antypa N. Chronotype and Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Sleep Med Reports. 2018 Jun 1;4(2):94–103.
  • 6. Vitale JA, Weydahl A. Chronotype, Physical Activity, and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review. 2017.
  • 7. Hasler BP, Allen JJB, Sbarra DA, Bootzin RR, Bernert RA. Morningness–eveningness and depression: Preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect. Psychiatry Res. 2010 Apr 30;176(2–3):166–73.
  • 8. Schubert E, Randler C. Association between chronotype and the constructs of the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire. Appetite. 2008 Nov 1;51(3):501–5.
  • 9. Pündük Z, Gür H, Ercan İ. Sabahçıl-Akşamcıl Anketi Türkçe Uyarlamasında Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatr Derg. 2005;16(1): 40–5.
  • 10. Adan A, Archer SN, Paz M, Hidalgo L, Milia L Di. A Comprehensive Review Article in Chronobiology International. 2012 [cited 2021 Sep 10]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234062430
  • 11. Dolsen MR, Harvey AG. Dim Light Melatonin Onset and Affect in Adolescents With an Evening Circadian Preference. J Adolesc Heal [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 10];62(1):94–9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X17304020
  • 12. Burke TM, Markwald RR, Chinoy ED, Snider JA, Bessman SC, Jung CM, et al. Combination of Light and Melatonin Time Cues for Phase Advancing the Human Circadian Clock. Sleep [Internet]. 2013 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Nov 1];36(11):1617–24. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/36/11/1617/2558937
  • 13. Hsu CN, Tain YL. Light and circadian signaling pathway in pregnancy: Programming of adult health and disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(6).
  • 14. Fabbri D, Monfardini C, Castaldini I, Protonotari A. Cesarean section and the manipulation of exact delivery time. Health Policy (New York). 2016 Jul 1;120(7):780–9.
  • 15. Mongrain V, Paquet J, Dumont M. Contribution of the photoperiod at birth to the association between season of birth and diurnal preference. Neurosci Lett. 2006;406(1–2):113–6.
  • 16. Natale V, Adan A, Chotai J. Further results on the association between morningness-eveningness preference and the season of birth in human adults. Neuropsychobiology. 2002;46(4):209–14.
  • 17. Natale V, Milia L Di. Season of Birth and Morningness: Comparison Between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. https://doi.org/103109/074205282011589934 [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2021 Nov 1];28(8):727–30. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07420528.2011.589934
  • 18. Borisenkov MF, Kosova AL, Kasyanova ON. Impact of perinatal photoperiod on the chronotype of 11-to 18-year-olds in Northern European Russia. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(3):305–10.
  • 19. Vollmer C, Christoph Randler, Milia L Di. Further Evidence for the Influence of Photoperiod at Birth on Chronotype in a Sample of German Adolescents. http://dx.doi.org/103109/074205282012728656 [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2021 Nov 1];29(10):1345–51. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07420528.2012.728656
  • 20. Balta B, Göl Özcan G, Sari M, İmrek Y, Taşkan M, Öztürk Y, et al. Chronotype and Childhood Psychiatric Disorders. Turkish J Child Adolesc Ment Heal. 2021;28(2):69–78.
  • 21. Mota MC, Waterhouse J, De-Souza DA, Rossato LT, Silva CM, Araújo MBJ, et al. Association between chronotype, food intake and physical activity in medical residents. https://doi.org/103109/0742052820161167711 [Internet]. 2015 Jul 2 [cited 2021 Nov 1];33(6):730–9. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07420528.2016.1167711
  • 22. Creswell, J. W. & Creswell JD. RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2017.
  • 23. Suh, S., Yang, H. C., Kim, N., Yu, J. H., Choi, S., Yun, C. H., & Shin C. Egzersiz Yapan ve Yapmayan Kadınlarda Kronotipe Göre Depresyon Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. 2018;25:11–25.
  • 24. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics Title: Using multivariate statistics. 2007 [cited 2021 Nov 1]; Available from: https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040173
  • 25. Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK. Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy. Nat Med 2012 1812 [Internet]. 2012 Dec 6 [cited 2022 Jun 30];18(12):1754–67. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3012
  • 26. Day F, Forouhi N, Ong K, Heliyon JP-. Season of birth is associated with birth weight, pubertal timing, adult body size and educational attainment: a UK Biobank study. Heliyon [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 30];1(2):e00031. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844015302413
  • 27. Tatonetti NPBMRSZMDHG. Birth month affects lifetime disease risk: a phenome-wide method. J Am Med Informatics Assoc [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 30];22(5):1042–1053. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-abstract/22/5/1042/930268
  • 28. Doblhammer G, JW Vaupel. Lifespan depends on month of birth. Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2022 May 30];98(5):2934–9. Available from: https://www.pnas.org/content/98/5/2934.short
  • 29. Azzi A, Dallmann R, Casserly A, … HR. Circadian behavior is light-reprogrammed by plastic DNA methylation. Nat Neurosci [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 May 30];17(3):377-382. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.3651
  • 30. Hrvatin S, Hochbaum DR, Nagy MA, Cicconet M, Robertson K, Cheadle L, et al. Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci [Internet]. 2017 Dec 11 [cited 2022 May 31];21(1):120–9. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-017-0029-5
  • 31. Takmaz T, Unal B, Ozcan P, Halici BNA, Gorchiyeva I, Karasu AFG, et al. Are chronotype and subjective sleep quality associated with preeclampsia and preterm birth? https://doi.org/101080/0929101620201730617 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Nov 1]; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09291016.2020.1730617
  • 32. Natale V, Di Milia L. Season of birth and morningness: Comparison between the northern and southern hemispheres. Chronobiol Int. 2011;28(8):727–30.
  • 33. Bobak M, Gjonca A. The seasonality of live birth is strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2001 Jul 1 [cited 2022 Jun 30];16(7):1512–7. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/16/7/1512/693437
  • 34. Çobanoğlu A, Şendir M. Does natural birth have a circadian rhythm? https://doi.org/101080/0144361520191606182 [Internet]. 2019 Feb 17 [cited 2022 Jun 29];40(2):182–7. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01443615.2019.1606182
  • 35. Rabindran R, Kanwar S, Lindow SW. 24-hour rhythm to the onset of term and preterm labour in twin pregnancies. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol [Internet]. 2010 Dec 1 [cited 2022 Jun 30];117(13):1656–7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02750.x
  • 36. Ngwenya S, Lindow SW. 24 hour rhythm in the timing of pre-labour spontaneous rupture of membranes at term. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004 Feb 10;112(2):151–3.

Normal Doğum Yapan Annelerin Kronotipleri ile Kendilerinin ve Bebeklerinin Çeşitli Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 6, 768 - 773, 31.12.2022

Eda Baytaş Dilek Erdem H. Bayram Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1181497

Öz

Giriş: İnsan metabolizmasının karanlık ve ısıya bağlı olarak gösterdiği biyolojik değişikliklere sirkadiyen ritim, bireysel ve genetik farklılıklara göre sınıflandırılması da kronotip olarak ifade edilmektedir. Son yıllarda sirkadiyen ritim ile doğum arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalarda artış görülmektedir. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı annelerin kronotipleri ile annenin doğum saati, mevsimi, meridyeni ve bebeklerinin cinsiyetleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. İkincil amacımız gebelerin kendi doğum saatleri ve kronotipleri ile yaptıkları doğumların saatleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Yöntem: Araştırma 01.02.2022- 31.03.2022 tarihleri arasında Alanya Eğitim Araştırma Hastanesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Polikliniğine başvuran kadınlar arasında yapılmıştır. Doğum tarihini, saatini hatırlayan, doğumu spontan kasılmalarla başlayan, doğum indüksiyonu yapılmayan, sezeryan olmayan ve sağlıklı bir gebelik geçiren normal doğum yapan 147 kadın çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılara sosyodemografik özellikleri, obstetrik bilgileri ve Horne ve Östberg’in Sabahçıl-Akşamçıl ölçeğini içeren anket formu yüz yüze şekilde uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Oneway ANOVA, Kİ-KARE ve lojistik regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılanların kronotipleri sabahçıl tip 45 kadın (% 30.6), ara tip 90 kadın (% 61.2), akşamcıl tip 12 kadın (% 8.2) olarak belirlenmiştir. Annelerin kronotip puanları ile bebeklerinin doğum saatleri arasında yapılan analizde fark bulunamamıştır (p = .324). Annelerin kronotip puanları ile doğum meridyenleri arasında da fark saptanmamıştır (p = .842). Annelerin kendi doğum saatleri ile bebeklerinin doğum saatleri arasında eşitlik saptanmıştır 0Sonuç: Çalışma sonuçlarında doğum saati, mevsim, cinsiyet, doğum meridyeni ile kronotip arasında ilişki bulunamamıştır. Çalışmanın sınırlılığı hatırlama yanlılığı, kafa karıştırıcı faktörlerin etkisi ve örneklem büyüklüğü ile ilgili olabilir. Ancak kronotip ile çalışmaların ve bilginin artışı ile kişilerin performans ve duygu durum konusundaki farklılıklarına farklı bir bakış açısı sunması açısından ilgi çekici bir alan olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Kronotip Sabahçıl-Akşamcıl Doğum Saati Doğum Meridyeni

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kudielka BM, Federenko IS, Hellhammer DH, Wüst S. Morningness and eveningness: The free cortisol rise after awakening in “early birds” and “night owls.” Biol Psychol. 2006 May 1;72(2):141–6.
  • 2. Kurt C. Kronobiyoloji ve Fiziksel Performans. Türkiye Klin J Sport Sci. 2010;2(2):103–8.
  • 3. Díaz-Morales JF. Morning and evening-types: Exploring their personality styles. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(4):769–78.
  • 4. Hidalgo MP, Caumo W, Posser M, Coccaro SB, Camozzato AL, Chaves MLF. Relationship between depressive mood and chronotype in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2009 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Nov 1];63(3):283–90. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01965.x
  • 5. Kivelä L, Papadopoulos MR, Antypa N. Chronotype and Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Sleep Med Reports. 2018 Jun 1;4(2):94–103.
  • 6. Vitale JA, Weydahl A. Chronotype, Physical Activity, and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review. 2017.
  • 7. Hasler BP, Allen JJB, Sbarra DA, Bootzin RR, Bernert RA. Morningness–eveningness and depression: Preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect. Psychiatry Res. 2010 Apr 30;176(2–3):166–73.
  • 8. Schubert E, Randler C. Association between chronotype and the constructs of the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire. Appetite. 2008 Nov 1;51(3):501–5.
  • 9. Pündük Z, Gür H, Ercan İ. Sabahçıl-Akşamcıl Anketi Türkçe Uyarlamasında Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatr Derg. 2005;16(1): 40–5.
  • 10. Adan A, Archer SN, Paz M, Hidalgo L, Milia L Di. A Comprehensive Review Article in Chronobiology International. 2012 [cited 2021 Sep 10]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234062430
  • 11. Dolsen MR, Harvey AG. Dim Light Melatonin Onset and Affect in Adolescents With an Evening Circadian Preference. J Adolesc Heal [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 10];62(1):94–9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X17304020
  • 12. Burke TM, Markwald RR, Chinoy ED, Snider JA, Bessman SC, Jung CM, et al. Combination of Light and Melatonin Time Cues for Phase Advancing the Human Circadian Clock. Sleep [Internet]. 2013 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Nov 1];36(11):1617–24. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/36/11/1617/2558937
  • 13. Hsu CN, Tain YL. Light and circadian signaling pathway in pregnancy: Programming of adult health and disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(6).
  • 14. Fabbri D, Monfardini C, Castaldini I, Protonotari A. Cesarean section and the manipulation of exact delivery time. Health Policy (New York). 2016 Jul 1;120(7):780–9.
  • 15. Mongrain V, Paquet J, Dumont M. Contribution of the photoperiod at birth to the association between season of birth and diurnal preference. Neurosci Lett. 2006;406(1–2):113–6.
  • 16. Natale V, Adan A, Chotai J. Further results on the association between morningness-eveningness preference and the season of birth in human adults. Neuropsychobiology. 2002;46(4):209–14.
  • 17. Natale V, Milia L Di. Season of Birth and Morningness: Comparison Between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. https://doi.org/103109/074205282011589934 [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2021 Nov 1];28(8):727–30. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07420528.2011.589934
  • 18. Borisenkov MF, Kosova AL, Kasyanova ON. Impact of perinatal photoperiod on the chronotype of 11-to 18-year-olds in Northern European Russia. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(3):305–10.
  • 19. Vollmer C, Christoph Randler, Milia L Di. Further Evidence for the Influence of Photoperiod at Birth on Chronotype in a Sample of German Adolescents. http://dx.doi.org/103109/074205282012728656 [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2021 Nov 1];29(10):1345–51. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07420528.2012.728656
  • 20. Balta B, Göl Özcan G, Sari M, İmrek Y, Taşkan M, Öztürk Y, et al. Chronotype and Childhood Psychiatric Disorders. Turkish J Child Adolesc Ment Heal. 2021;28(2):69–78.
  • 21. Mota MC, Waterhouse J, De-Souza DA, Rossato LT, Silva CM, Araújo MBJ, et al. Association between chronotype, food intake and physical activity in medical residents. https://doi.org/103109/0742052820161167711 [Internet]. 2015 Jul 2 [cited 2021 Nov 1];33(6):730–9. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07420528.2016.1167711
  • 22. Creswell, J. W. & Creswell JD. RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2017.
  • 23. Suh, S., Yang, H. C., Kim, N., Yu, J. H., Choi, S., Yun, C. H., & Shin C. Egzersiz Yapan ve Yapmayan Kadınlarda Kronotipe Göre Depresyon Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. 2018;25:11–25.
  • 24. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics Title: Using multivariate statistics. 2007 [cited 2021 Nov 1]; Available from: https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040173
  • 25. Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK. Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy. Nat Med 2012 1812 [Internet]. 2012 Dec 6 [cited 2022 Jun 30];18(12):1754–67. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3012
  • 26. Day F, Forouhi N, Ong K, Heliyon JP-. Season of birth is associated with birth weight, pubertal timing, adult body size and educational attainment: a UK Biobank study. Heliyon [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 30];1(2):e00031. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844015302413
  • 27. Tatonetti NPBMRSZMDHG. Birth month affects lifetime disease risk: a phenome-wide method. J Am Med Informatics Assoc [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 30];22(5):1042–1053. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-abstract/22/5/1042/930268
  • 28. Doblhammer G, JW Vaupel. Lifespan depends on month of birth. Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2022 May 30];98(5):2934–9. Available from: https://www.pnas.org/content/98/5/2934.short
  • 29. Azzi A, Dallmann R, Casserly A, … HR. Circadian behavior is light-reprogrammed by plastic DNA methylation. Nat Neurosci [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 May 30];17(3):377-382. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.3651
  • 30. Hrvatin S, Hochbaum DR, Nagy MA, Cicconet M, Robertson K, Cheadle L, et al. Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci [Internet]. 2017 Dec 11 [cited 2022 May 31];21(1):120–9. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-017-0029-5
  • 31. Takmaz T, Unal B, Ozcan P, Halici BNA, Gorchiyeva I, Karasu AFG, et al. Are chronotype and subjective sleep quality associated with preeclampsia and preterm birth? https://doi.org/101080/0929101620201730617 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Nov 1]; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09291016.2020.1730617
  • 32. Natale V, Di Milia L. Season of birth and morningness: Comparison between the northern and southern hemispheres. Chronobiol Int. 2011;28(8):727–30.
  • 33. Bobak M, Gjonca A. The seasonality of live birth is strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors. Hum Reprod [Internet]. 2001 Jul 1 [cited 2022 Jun 30];16(7):1512–7. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/16/7/1512/693437
  • 34. Çobanoğlu A, Şendir M. Does natural birth have a circadian rhythm? https://doi.org/101080/0144361520191606182 [Internet]. 2019 Feb 17 [cited 2022 Jun 29];40(2):182–7. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01443615.2019.1606182
  • 35. Rabindran R, Kanwar S, Lindow SW. 24-hour rhythm to the onset of term and preterm labour in twin pregnancies. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol [Internet]. 2010 Dec 1 [cited 2022 Jun 30];117(13):1656–7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02750.x
  • 36. Ngwenya S, Lindow SW. 24 hour rhythm in the timing of pre-labour spontaneous rupture of membranes at term. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004 Feb 10;112(2):151–3.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Original Article
Yazarlar

Eda Baytaş 0000-0003-2963-0199

Dilek Erdem 0000-0001-6199-0333

H. Bayram Yılmaz 0000-0003-2625-4239

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Baytaş E, Erdem D, Yılmaz HB. An Investigation of the Relationship Between the Chronotypes of Mothers Who Had Normal Delivery and Various Characteristics of Them and Their Babies. Genel Tıp Derg. 2022;32(6):768-73.

Genel Tıp Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.