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Overview of Sarcopenia and Associated Factors

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 99 - 104, 20.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1225196

Öz

Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder involving accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. Physical activity and nutrition are the main ways to prevent sarcopenia. The diagnosis of sarcopenia is based on muscle mass measurements and functional tests that assess muscle strength or physical performance. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia is complex and multifactorial.
In the absence of pharmacological drugs in the treatment of the disease in sarcopenic patients, non-pharmacological methods appear as the only option. Pharmacological treatment recommendations include vitamin D, testosterone, estrogens, protein and amino acids, growth hormone, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. New researches continues in this area. Physical activity alone or in combination with protein supplementation has been shown to be effective in preventing disability and fragility in older people by increasing muscle mass and strength

Kaynakça

  • Dhillon RJ, Hasni S. Pathogenesis and Management of Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(1):17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2016.08.002. PMID: 27886695; PMCID: PMC5127276.
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia. Lancet. 2019;393(10191):2636-2646. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31138-9. Epub 2019 Jun 3. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Jun 29;393(10191):2590. PMID: 31171417.
  • Papadopoulou SK. Sarcopenia: A Contemporary Health Problem among Older Adult Populations. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1293. doi: 10.3390/nu12051293. PMID: 32370051; PMCID: PMC7282252.
  • Bauer J, Morley JE, Schols AMWJ, Ferrucci L, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dent E, et al. A Time for Action. An SCWD Position Paper. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(5):956-961. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12483. Epub 2019 Sep 15. PMID: 31523937; PMCID: PMC6818450.
  • An HJ, Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Nam SW, et al. Sarcopenia in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(16):5678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21165678. PMID: 32784808; PMCID: PMC7461030.
  • Woo J. Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(3):305-314. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.02.003. Epub 2017 May 13. PMID: 28689564.
  • Dodds RM, Roberts HC, Cooper C, Sayer AA. The Epidemiology of Sarcopenia. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18(4):461-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.012. Epub 2015 Jun 12. PMID: 26073423; PMCID: PMC4629409.
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019 Jan 1;48(1):16-31. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy169. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 2019;48(4):601. PMID: 30312372; PMCID: PMC6322506.
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosisReport of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People A. Age Ageing 2010;39:412–423.
  • Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Arai H, Kritchevsky SB, Guralnik J, et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, Diagnosis and Management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1148-1161. doi: 10.1007/s12603-018-1139-9. PMID: 30498820.
  • Walston JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012 Nov;24(6):623-7. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e328358d59b. PMID: 22955023; PMCID: PMC4066461.
  • Pascual-Fernández J, Fernández-Montero A, Córdova-Martínez A, Pastor D, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Roche E. Sarcopenia: Molecular Pathways and Potential Targets for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(22):8844. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228844. PMID: 33266508; PMCID: PMC7700275.
  • Yin J, Lu X, Qian Z, Xu W, Zhou X. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcopenia in chronic heart failure. Theranostics. 2019;9(14):4019-4029. doi: 10.7150/thno.33000. PMID: 31281529; PMCID: PMC6592172.
  • Liguori I, Russo G, Aran L, Bulli G, Curcio F, Della-Morte D, et al. Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:913-927. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S149232. PMID: 29785098; PMCID: PMC5957062.
  • Phu S, Boersma D, Duque G. Exercise and Sarcopenia. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18(4):488-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.011. Epub 2015 Jun 10. PMID: 26071171.
  • Keller K, Engelhardt M. Strength and muscle mass loss with aging process. Age and strength loss. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2013;3:346–350.
  • Douchi T, Yamamoto S, Nakamura S, et al. The effect of menopause on regional and total body lean mass. Maturitas 1998;29:247–252.
  • Gadelha AB, Vainshelboim B, Ferreira AP, Neri SGR, Bottaro M, Lima RM. Stages of sarcopenia and the incidence of falls in older women: a prospective study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2018;79:151–157.
  • Khongsri N, Tongsuntud S, Limampai P, Kuptniratsaikul V. The prevalence of sarcopenia and related factors in a community-dwelling elders Thai population. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016;2:110–115.
  • Papadatou MC. Sarcopenia in Hemiplegia. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 2020 Jun 1;5(2):38-41. doi: 10.22540/JFSF-05-038. PMID: 32510029; PMCID: PMC7272773.
  • Sunada Y. A Potential Nutritional Indicator Predictable for Stroke-Related Sarcopenia. JMA J. 2022 Jan 17;5(1):72-73. doi: 10.31662/jmaj.2021-0206. Epub 2021 Dec 28. PMID: 35224262; PMCID: PMC8826923.
  • Jung HJ, Lee YM, Kim M, Uhm KE, Lee J. Suggested Assessments for Sarcopenia in Patients With Stroke Who Can Walk Independently. Ann Rehabil Med. 2020 Feb;44(1):20-37. doi: 10.5535/arm.2020.44.1.20. Epub 2020 Feb 29. PMID: 32130836; PMCID: PMC7056329.
  • Santo RCDE, Baker JF, Santos LPD, Silva MMMD, Xavier RM. Sarcopenia in Immune-Mediated Rheumatic Diseases-Review. J Clin Rheumatol. 2022 Nov 3. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001913. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36322934.
  • Laviano A, Gori C, Rianda S. Sarcopenia and nutrition. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2014;71:101-36. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800270-4.00003-1. PMID: 24484940.
  • Dhaliwal A, Williams FR, Quinlan JI, Allen SL, Greig C, Filer A, et al. Evaluation of the mechanisms of sarcopenia in chronic inflammatory disease: protocol for a prospective cohort study. Skelet Muscle. 2021 Dec 11;11(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13395-021-00282-5. PMID: 34895316; PMCID: PMC8665319.
  • Bayram HM, Güneş FE. Sarkopeni ve Beslenme. Geriat Bil Derg / Jour of Geriat Sci 2020;3(1):27-36
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Romero-Yuste S, Chamizo Carmona E, Nolla JM. Sarcopenia, immune-mediated rheumatic diseases, and nutritional interventions. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(11):2929-2939. doi: 10.1007/s40520-021-01800-7. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33566325; PMCID: PMC8595168.
  • Padilla Colon CJ, Sanchez Collado P, Cuevas MJ. Beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza para la prevención y tratamiento de la sarcopenia [Benefits of strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia]. Nutr Hosp. 2014;29(5):979-88. Spanish. doi: 10.3305/nh.2014.29.5.7313. PMID: 24951975.
  • Hurst C, Robinson SM, Witham MD, Dodds RM, Granic A, Buckland C, et al. Resistance exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia: prescription and delivery. Age Ageing. 2022;51(2):afac003. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac003. PMID: 35150587; PMCID: PMC8840798.

Sarkopeni’ye Genel Bakış ve İlişkili Faktörler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 99 - 104, 20.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1225196

Öz

Sarkopeni akselere kas kütle ve fonksiyon kaybını içeren progresif ve generalize kas iskelet bozukluğudur. Fiziksel aktivite ve beslenme sarkopeni önlenmesinde ana yollardır. Sarkopeni tanısı, kas kütle ölçümlerine ve kas gücünü veya fiziksel performansı değerlendiren fonksiyonel testlere dayanır. Sarkopeni patogenezi kompleks ve multifaktöryeldir.
Sarkopenik hastalarda hastalığın tedavisinde farmakolojik ilaçların yokluğunda non-farmakolojik önlemler tek seçenek olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Farmakolojik tedavi önerilerinde, vitamin D, testosteron, östrojenler, protein ve aminoasitler, büyüme hormonu, yağ asitleri, vitamin ve mineralleri içermektedir. Bu alanda yeni araştırmalar devam etmektedir. Fiziksel aktivitenin tek başına veya protein suplementasyonuyla birlikte ileri yaş kişilerde engellilik ve kırılganlığı önlemede kas kütlesi ve kuvvetini artırma yoluyla efektif olduğu gösterilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Dhillon RJ, Hasni S. Pathogenesis and Management of Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(1):17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2016.08.002. PMID: 27886695; PMCID: PMC5127276.
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia. Lancet. 2019;393(10191):2636-2646. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31138-9. Epub 2019 Jun 3. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Jun 29;393(10191):2590. PMID: 31171417.
  • Papadopoulou SK. Sarcopenia: A Contemporary Health Problem among Older Adult Populations. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1293. doi: 10.3390/nu12051293. PMID: 32370051; PMCID: PMC7282252.
  • Bauer J, Morley JE, Schols AMWJ, Ferrucci L, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dent E, et al. A Time for Action. An SCWD Position Paper. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(5):956-961. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12483. Epub 2019 Sep 15. PMID: 31523937; PMCID: PMC6818450.
  • An HJ, Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Nam SW, et al. Sarcopenia in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(16):5678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21165678. PMID: 32784808; PMCID: PMC7461030.
  • Woo J. Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(3):305-314. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.02.003. Epub 2017 May 13. PMID: 28689564.
  • Dodds RM, Roberts HC, Cooper C, Sayer AA. The Epidemiology of Sarcopenia. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18(4):461-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.012. Epub 2015 Jun 12. PMID: 26073423; PMCID: PMC4629409.
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019 Jan 1;48(1):16-31. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy169. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 2019;48(4):601. PMID: 30312372; PMCID: PMC6322506.
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosisReport of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People A. Age Ageing 2010;39:412–423.
  • Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Arai H, Kritchevsky SB, Guralnik J, et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, Diagnosis and Management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1148-1161. doi: 10.1007/s12603-018-1139-9. PMID: 30498820.
  • Walston JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012 Nov;24(6):623-7. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e328358d59b. PMID: 22955023; PMCID: PMC4066461.
  • Pascual-Fernández J, Fernández-Montero A, Córdova-Martínez A, Pastor D, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Roche E. Sarcopenia: Molecular Pathways and Potential Targets for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(22):8844. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228844. PMID: 33266508; PMCID: PMC7700275.
  • Yin J, Lu X, Qian Z, Xu W, Zhou X. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcopenia in chronic heart failure. Theranostics. 2019;9(14):4019-4029. doi: 10.7150/thno.33000. PMID: 31281529; PMCID: PMC6592172.
  • Liguori I, Russo G, Aran L, Bulli G, Curcio F, Della-Morte D, et al. Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:913-927. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S149232. PMID: 29785098; PMCID: PMC5957062.
  • Phu S, Boersma D, Duque G. Exercise and Sarcopenia. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18(4):488-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.011. Epub 2015 Jun 10. PMID: 26071171.
  • Keller K, Engelhardt M. Strength and muscle mass loss with aging process. Age and strength loss. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2013;3:346–350.
  • Douchi T, Yamamoto S, Nakamura S, et al. The effect of menopause on regional and total body lean mass. Maturitas 1998;29:247–252.
  • Gadelha AB, Vainshelboim B, Ferreira AP, Neri SGR, Bottaro M, Lima RM. Stages of sarcopenia and the incidence of falls in older women: a prospective study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2018;79:151–157.
  • Khongsri N, Tongsuntud S, Limampai P, Kuptniratsaikul V. The prevalence of sarcopenia and related factors in a community-dwelling elders Thai population. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016;2:110–115.
  • Papadatou MC. Sarcopenia in Hemiplegia. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 2020 Jun 1;5(2):38-41. doi: 10.22540/JFSF-05-038. PMID: 32510029; PMCID: PMC7272773.
  • Sunada Y. A Potential Nutritional Indicator Predictable for Stroke-Related Sarcopenia. JMA J. 2022 Jan 17;5(1):72-73. doi: 10.31662/jmaj.2021-0206. Epub 2021 Dec 28. PMID: 35224262; PMCID: PMC8826923.
  • Jung HJ, Lee YM, Kim M, Uhm KE, Lee J. Suggested Assessments for Sarcopenia in Patients With Stroke Who Can Walk Independently. Ann Rehabil Med. 2020 Feb;44(1):20-37. doi: 10.5535/arm.2020.44.1.20. Epub 2020 Feb 29. PMID: 32130836; PMCID: PMC7056329.
  • Santo RCDE, Baker JF, Santos LPD, Silva MMMD, Xavier RM. Sarcopenia in Immune-Mediated Rheumatic Diseases-Review. J Clin Rheumatol. 2022 Nov 3. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001913. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36322934.
  • Laviano A, Gori C, Rianda S. Sarcopenia and nutrition. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2014;71:101-36. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800270-4.00003-1. PMID: 24484940.
  • Dhaliwal A, Williams FR, Quinlan JI, Allen SL, Greig C, Filer A, et al. Evaluation of the mechanisms of sarcopenia in chronic inflammatory disease: protocol for a prospective cohort study. Skelet Muscle. 2021 Dec 11;11(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13395-021-00282-5. PMID: 34895316; PMCID: PMC8665319.
  • Bayram HM, Güneş FE. Sarkopeni ve Beslenme. Geriat Bil Derg / Jour of Geriat Sci 2020;3(1):27-36
  • Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Romero-Yuste S, Chamizo Carmona E, Nolla JM. Sarcopenia, immune-mediated rheumatic diseases, and nutritional interventions. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(11):2929-2939. doi: 10.1007/s40520-021-01800-7. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33566325; PMCID: PMC8595168.
  • Padilla Colon CJ, Sanchez Collado P, Cuevas MJ. Beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza para la prevención y tratamiento de la sarcopenia [Benefits of strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia]. Nutr Hosp. 2014;29(5):979-88. Spanish. doi: 10.3305/nh.2014.29.5.7313. PMID: 24951975.
  • Hurst C, Robinson SM, Witham MD, Dodds RM, Granic A, Buckland C, et al. Resistance exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia: prescription and delivery. Age Ageing. 2022;51(2):afac003. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac003. PMID: 35150587; PMCID: PMC8840798.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Tuba Tülay Koca 0000-0002-4596-858X

Buket Tuğan Yıldız 0000-0001-6783-2336

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Kasım 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Kasım 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 1 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Koca TT, Tuğan Yıldız B. Sarkopeni’ye Genel Bakış ve İlişkili Faktörler. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. Kasım 2023;18(3):99-104. doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1225196