BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 113 - 122, 20.09.2011

Öz

Genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdalar modern biyoteknolojinin gıda üretimine uygulanan şeklidir. Gittikçe yaygınlaşan kullanım alanı, bu gıdaları toplum sağlığı açısından dikkat çekici bir noktaya taşımıştır. GDO (Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizma)’ların sağlık etkileri konusunda güvenilir olduğuna dair görüş bildirenlerin yanı sıra, insan sağlığını tehdit ettiği görüşünü dile getiren araştırmacılar da vardır. GDO ların sağlığa zararlı olup olmadığına dair saptamaları yapmak ise beslenme epidemiyolojisi alanının zorlukları, risk değerlendirme sürecindeki sorunlar, hayvan deneylerindeki sınırlılıklar ve bilginin tarafsızlığına dair kuşkular nedeniyle zorlaşmaktadır. Tüm bu bilimsel açmazlara rağmen alerjik ve toksik etkilere dair ipuçlarının artması, antibiotik direnci olasılığının bilimsel kurumlarda yarattığı endişe, besin değerlerindeki değişmenin ve gen transferi olasılığının yayınlarda yer alması; görünür hale gelen sağlık etkilerini göstermektedir. Karşılaştırılabilirliği mümkün kılacak standart tasarıma ve ileri analiz yöntemlerine ihtiyaç vardır. Uzun erimdeki etkilerini ortaya koyacak ve iyi planlanmış kohort araştırmalarının gerekliliği mutlaktır. Zararsız olduklarını bilimsel bir özgüvenle söylemek için ise erkendir. Risklerin henüz net olarak ortaya konamaması, olmadığı anlamına gelmemektedir. Risklerin neler olduğunu kesin olarak ortaya koyacak araçlarımız henüz yeterli değildir. Sürece ihtiyat ilkesi doğrultusunda yaklaşmak gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdalar, beslenme epidemiyolojisi, risk

Genetically modified organisms: Why is it difficult to prove health hazards? Problems and clues about risk

Genetically modified foods are in the area where biotechnology is applied to foods. Their common use has driven them to a substantially important position in relation to community health. There are researchers who comment that they are safe in relation to/regarding health effects as well as others who consider them as threatening for human health. However, it is difficult to determine the health risks because of difficulties in nutritional epidemiology area, problems in risk evaluation, the limitations in animal experiments and suspicions about the objective nature of the information.Against all these scientific dilemmas, the increasing clues about allergic and toxic effects, the concerns in scientific societies about the possibility of antibiotic resistance, the  development of changes in nutritional quality and of gene transfer in literature have clearly revealed the health consequences. The detection of health risks for GMOs has important limitations. There is need for advanced methods of analysis and standard designs that will make comparisons possible. There is an absolute necessity for well designed cohort studies that will determine long term effects. It  is/ may be too early to say  with scientific confidence that genetically modified foods are safe. The inability to clearly identify the risks does not mean that the risks  do not exist. Current methods are not sufficient to reveal the risks clearly. At this stage, an approach in the context of the precautionary principle is necessary.

Key Words: Genetically modified organisms, nutritional epidemiology, risk 

Kaynakça

  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Ad hoc intergovernmental task force biotechnology. Report of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Geneva, 2–7 July 2001.Alinorm Food and Agriculture Organization
  • Nations/World Health Organization, Rome http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web /archives.jsp?year=01 derived from of the United World Health Organisation (WHO). Food Safety Department, WHO. Modern food biotechnology, human health and development: an evidence-based study. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/biotech_en.pdf (Erişim tarihi:27.03.2007)
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). questions on genetically modified (gm) foods. 2007. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/en/20questions_en.pdf (Erişim tarihi:27.03.2007)
  • Sen AK. Poverty and famine: an Essay on entitlement and deprivation. New York : Oxford University Press, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization(FAO/WHO).Strategies for assessing the safety of foods produced by biotechnology, consultation, 5–10 November 1990. WHO, Geneva. Joint FAO/WHO http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/1990/en/. (Erişim tarihi: 02.08.2010)
  • Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD). Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology: concepts and principles. Paris: OECD, 1993. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/3/1 pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.08.2010)
  • Millstone E, Brunner E, Mayer S (1999). Beyond substantial equivalence. Nature 1999; 401: 525–526.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization(FAO/WHO) 2000. Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on foods derived from biotechnology, Geneva, 29 May – 2 June 2000. WHO, Geneva. www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/en/ec_june2000_en.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.08.2010)
  • Willett W. Nutritional epidemiology. Edition. USA: Oxford University Press, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: The role of animal feeding trials,Report of the EFSA GMO Panel Working Group on Animal Feeding Trials, Adopted by the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on 12 September 2007, Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:2–70 nutritional http://www.agbios.com/docroot/article s/08-071-002.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2010)
  • Puska P, Vartiainen E, Laatikainen, Jousilahti, Paavola M. In: The North Karelia Project: From North Karelia to National Action. Helsinki: Helsinki University Printing House; 2009.
  • International Agency for Research (IARC/WHO). on Classified by the IARC Monographs, : Volumes 1–100 Agents http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classific ation/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf (Erişim 06.08.2010)
  • Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. New York, NY, United Nations Environment Programme. 2001. http://www.pops.int/documents/convte xt/convtext_en.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2010)
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization assessment of foods derived from genetically modified animals, including fish, consultation on food derived from biotechnology, Rome, Italy, 17–21 November 2003. FAO/WHO, Rome. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/biotech /meetings/ec_nov2003/en/. (Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2010)
  • Gómez JAM, Barca AMC. Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health. Nutr Rev 2009; (1):1-16
  • WMA Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical Principles Involving Human Subjects, 59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, October 2008. http://www.wma.net/en/30publication s/10policies/b3/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2010)
  • Saal VF, Hughes C. An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Environ Health Persp ; 113(8): 926-933. Nordlee JA, Taylor SL, Townsend JA, Thomas LA, Bush RK. Identification of a Brazil-Nut Allergen in Transgenic Soybeans. N Engl J Med 1996; (11): 688-692.
  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Principles for the risk analysis of foods biotechnology. CAC/gl44-2003 from modern http://www.codexalimentarius.net/dow nload/standards/.../CXG_044e.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2010)
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on foods derived from biotechnology, 22–25 January 2001. FAO,
  • Rome.http://www.who.int/entity/foods afety/publications/biotech/en/ec_jan20 pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2010)
  • Ferreira F, Hirtenlehner K, Jilek A, Godnik-Cvar J, Breiteneder H, Grimm R et al. Dissection of immunoglobulin E and T lymphocyte reactivity of isoforms of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v1: Potential use of hypoallergenic isoforms for immunotherapy. J Exp Med ;183: 599–609. Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, et al. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J Agric Food Chem ; 56(23):11533-9.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA provides scientific advice on the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified plants 19 April 2004. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/ne ws/gmo040419a.htm (Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2010)
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA evaluates antibiotic resistance marker genes in GM plants, 11 July 2009. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/ne ws/gmo090611.htm) (Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2010)
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA GMO Panel reconfirms that the use of the nptII gene as a selectable marker in GM plants does not pose a risk to human or animal health or the environment, 13 April 2004. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/ne ws/gmo070413.htm) (Erişim tarihi: 27.03.2010).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization assessment of foods derived from genetically modified microorganisms. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on foods derived from biotechnology, Geneva, 24–28 September FAO/WHO, Geneva. Safety http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/en/ec_sept2001.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 27.03.2010).
  • Fares NH, El-Sayed AK. Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta-endotoxin-treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes. Nat Toxins ; 6:219-33
  • Ewen SWB, Pusztai A. Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. The Lancet. 1999; 354: –1354.
  • Malatesta M, Caporaloni C, Rossi L et al. Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic acinar cells from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. J Anat 2002; 201(5): –415.
  • Malatesta M, Biggiogera M, Manuali E, Rocchi MB, Baldelli B, Gazzanelli G. Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Eur J Histochem 2003; 47(4):385-8.
  • Malatesta M, Tiberi C, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Manuali E, Biggiogera M. Reversibility of hepatocyte nuclear modifications in mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Eur J Histochem 2005; (3):237-42.
  • Séralini GE, Cellier D, Vendomois JS. New analysis of a rat feeding study with genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007.
  • Lappe M, Bailey B. Alterations in Clinically Important Phytoestrogens in Genetically Modified, Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans. J Med Food 1999;1(4). 1 july.
  • Purcell DF, Broscius CM, Vanin EF, Buckler CE, Nienhuis AW, Martin MA. An array of murine leukemia virus-related elements is transmitted and expressed in a primate recipient of retroviral gene transfer. J Virol 1996; 70(2):887-897.
  • Agodi A, Barchitta M, Grillo A, Sciacca S. Detection of genetically modified DNA sequences in milk from the Italian market. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209: 81-88.
  • Turgut N. İhtiyat ilkesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi ;45(1).

Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 113 - 122, 20.09.2011

Öz

Genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdalar modern biyoteknolojinin gıda üretimine uygulanan şeklidir

Kaynakça

  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Ad hoc intergovernmental task force biotechnology. Report of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Geneva, 2–7 July 2001.Alinorm Food and Agriculture Organization
  • Nations/World Health Organization, Rome http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web /archives.jsp?year=01 derived from of the United World Health Organisation (WHO). Food Safety Department, WHO. Modern food biotechnology, human health and development: an evidence-based study. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/biotech_en.pdf (Erişim tarihi:27.03.2007)
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). questions on genetically modified (gm) foods. 2007. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/en/20questions_en.pdf (Erişim tarihi:27.03.2007)
  • Sen AK. Poverty and famine: an Essay on entitlement and deprivation. New York : Oxford University Press, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization(FAO/WHO).Strategies for assessing the safety of foods produced by biotechnology, consultation, 5–10 November 1990. WHO, Geneva. Joint FAO/WHO http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/1990/en/. (Erişim tarihi: 02.08.2010)
  • Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD). Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology: concepts and principles. Paris: OECD, 1993. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/3/1 pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.08.2010)
  • Millstone E, Brunner E, Mayer S (1999). Beyond substantial equivalence. Nature 1999; 401: 525–526.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization(FAO/WHO) 2000. Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on foods derived from biotechnology, Geneva, 29 May – 2 June 2000. WHO, Geneva. www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/en/ec_june2000_en.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 02.08.2010)
  • Willett W. Nutritional epidemiology. Edition. USA: Oxford University Press, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: The role of animal feeding trials,Report of the EFSA GMO Panel Working Group on Animal Feeding Trials, Adopted by the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on 12 September 2007, Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:2–70 nutritional http://www.agbios.com/docroot/article s/08-071-002.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2010)
  • Puska P, Vartiainen E, Laatikainen, Jousilahti, Paavola M. In: The North Karelia Project: From North Karelia to National Action. Helsinki: Helsinki University Printing House; 2009.
  • International Agency for Research (IARC/WHO). on Classified by the IARC Monographs, : Volumes 1–100 Agents http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classific ation/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf (Erişim 06.08.2010)
  • Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. New York, NY, United Nations Environment Programme. 2001. http://www.pops.int/documents/convte xt/convtext_en.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2010)
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization assessment of foods derived from genetically modified animals, including fish, consultation on food derived from biotechnology, Rome, Italy, 17–21 November 2003. FAO/WHO, Rome. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/biotech /meetings/ec_nov2003/en/. (Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2010)
  • Gómez JAM, Barca AMC. Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health. Nutr Rev 2009; (1):1-16
  • WMA Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical Principles Involving Human Subjects, 59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, October 2008. http://www.wma.net/en/30publication s/10policies/b3/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2010)
  • Saal VF, Hughes C. An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Environ Health Persp ; 113(8): 926-933. Nordlee JA, Taylor SL, Townsend JA, Thomas LA, Bush RK. Identification of a Brazil-Nut Allergen in Transgenic Soybeans. N Engl J Med 1996; (11): 688-692.
  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Principles for the risk analysis of foods biotechnology. CAC/gl44-2003 from modern http://www.codexalimentarius.net/dow nload/standards/.../CXG_044e.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2010)
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on foods derived from biotechnology, 22–25 January 2001. FAO,
  • Rome.http://www.who.int/entity/foods afety/publications/biotech/en/ec_jan20 pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2010)
  • Ferreira F, Hirtenlehner K, Jilek A, Godnik-Cvar J, Breiteneder H, Grimm R et al. Dissection of immunoglobulin E and T lymphocyte reactivity of isoforms of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v1: Potential use of hypoallergenic isoforms for immunotherapy. J Exp Med ;183: 599–609. Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, et al. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J Agric Food Chem ; 56(23):11533-9.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA provides scientific advice on the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified plants 19 April 2004. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/ne ws/gmo040419a.htm (Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2010)
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA evaluates antibiotic resistance marker genes in GM plants, 11 July 2009. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/ne ws/gmo090611.htm) (Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2010)
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA GMO Panel reconfirms that the use of the nptII gene as a selectable marker in GM plants does not pose a risk to human or animal health or the environment, 13 April 2004. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/ne ws/gmo070413.htm) (Erişim tarihi: 27.03.2010).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization assessment of foods derived from genetically modified microorganisms. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on foods derived from biotechnology, Geneva, 24–28 September FAO/WHO, Geneva. Safety http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publica tions/biotech/en/ec_sept2001.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 27.03.2010).
  • Fares NH, El-Sayed AK. Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta-endotoxin-treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes. Nat Toxins ; 6:219-33
  • Ewen SWB, Pusztai A. Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. The Lancet. 1999; 354: –1354.
  • Malatesta M, Caporaloni C, Rossi L et al. Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic acinar cells from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. J Anat 2002; 201(5): –415.
  • Malatesta M, Biggiogera M, Manuali E, Rocchi MB, Baldelli B, Gazzanelli G. Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Eur J Histochem 2003; 47(4):385-8.
  • Malatesta M, Tiberi C, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Manuali E, Biggiogera M. Reversibility of hepatocyte nuclear modifications in mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Eur J Histochem 2005; (3):237-42.
  • Séralini GE, Cellier D, Vendomois JS. New analysis of a rat feeding study with genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007.
  • Lappe M, Bailey B. Alterations in Clinically Important Phytoestrogens in Genetically Modified, Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans. J Med Food 1999;1(4). 1 july.
  • Purcell DF, Broscius CM, Vanin EF, Buckler CE, Nienhuis AW, Martin MA. An array of murine leukemia virus-related elements is transmitted and expressed in a primate recipient of retroviral gene transfer. J Virol 1996; 70(2):887-897.
  • Agodi A, Barchitta M, Grillo A, Sciacca S. Detection of genetically modified DNA sequences in milk from the Italian market. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209: 81-88.
  • Turgut N. İhtiyat ilkesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi ;45(1).
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Sistematik Derleme-Meta Analiz
Yazarlar

İşıl Ergin

Ali Karababa Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Eylül 2011
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ergin, İ., & Karababa, A. (2011). Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 9(2), 113-122.
AMA Ergin İ, Karababa A. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları. TJPH. Eylül 2011;9(2):113-122.
Chicago Ergin, İşıl, ve Ali Karababa. “Genetiği değiştirilmiş Organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak Neden Zor? Sorunlar Ve Riskin ipuçları”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 9, sy. 2 (Eylül 2011): 113-22.
EndNote Ergin İ, Karababa A (01 Eylül 2011) Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları. Turkish Journal of Public Health 9 2 113–122.
IEEE İ. Ergin ve A. Karababa, “Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları”, TJPH, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 113–122, 2011.
ISNAD Ergin, İşıl - Karababa, Ali. “Genetiği değiştirilmiş Organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak Neden Zor? Sorunlar Ve Riskin ipuçları”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 9/2 (Eylül 2011), 113-122.
JAMA Ergin İ, Karababa A. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları. TJPH. 2011;9:113–122.
MLA Ergin, İşıl ve Ali Karababa. “Genetiği değiştirilmiş Organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak Neden Zor? Sorunlar Ve Riskin ipuçları”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, c. 9, sy. 2, 2011, ss. 113-22.
Vancouver Ergin İ, Karababa A. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları. TJPH. 2011;9(2):113-22.

13955                                        13956                                                             13958                                       13959                                        28911


TURKISH JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH - TURK J PUBLIC HEALTH. online-ISSN: 1304-1096 

Copyright holder Turkish Journal of Public Health. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International LicenseCreative Commons License