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The Effect of Childhood Traumas on Psychological Symptoms: The Sequential Mediating Roles of Self-Concept and Being Exposed to Dating Violence

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 66, 389 - 403, 15.09.2022

Öz

It was demonstrated in various studies that childhood traumas also affected many psychological symptoms in adulthood. Also, it was reported that being exposed to dating violence and negative self-concept are related to various psychological symptoms. The purpose of the present study is to examine the sequential mediating role of self-concept and being exposed to dating violence in the relationship between childhood traumas and psychological symptoms. A total of 512 participants including 232 men, 280 women, filled the scales online. Regression analysis by PROCESS and SPSS 23 were used for predictive relationships and sequential mediating effects. The results are consistent with the hypotheses, self-concept and being exposed to dating violence play a sequential mediating role in the relationship between childhood traumas and psychological symptoms (β= 0.11, p < .05).

Kaynakça

  • Berber-Çelik, Ç. B., & Odacı, H. (2012). The effect of experience of childhood abuse among university students on self-perception and submissive behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 200-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.017
  • Brown, J. D. (2007). Book review: Statistical analyses for language assessment. Language Testing, 24(1), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532207072561
  • Cava, M. J., Buelga, S. & Carrascosa, L. (2015). Violencia física y psicológica ejercida en parejas adolescentes: relación con el autoconcepto y la violencia entre iguales. Psicología Conductual, 23(3), 429-446. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria-Jesus-Cava/publication/289976115_Physical_and_psychological_violence_inflicted_in_teen_dating_its_relationship_with_self-concept_and_peer_violence/links/5ce2671e458515712eb6ab40/Physical-and-psychological-violence-inflicted-in-teen-dating-its-relationship-with-self-concept-and-peer-violence.pdf
  • Cederbaum, J. A., Negriff, S., & Molina, A. P. (2020). Child maltreatment and romantic relationships in adolescence and young adulthood: The mediating role of self-perception. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104718
  • Choi, H.J., Weston, R. & Temple, J.R. (2017). A Three-Step Latent Class Analysis to Identify How Different Patterns of Teen Dating Violence and Psychosocial Factors Influence Mental Health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4): 854-866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0570-7
  • Collin-Vézina, D., Hébert, M., Manseau, H., Blais, M., Fernet, M. (2006). Self-concept and Dating Violence in 220 Adolescent Girls in the Child Protective System. Child Youth Care Forum, 35: 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-006-9019-6
  • Dag, I. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R) for university students. Journal of Psychiatry, 2(1). https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-86097-001
  • Daş, C. (2009). Bütünleşmek ve Büyümek: Gestalt Terapi Yaklaşımı. HYB: Ankara, 2nd ed.
  • Dias, A., Sales, L., Moorena, T., Mota-Cardosoe, T. & Kleber, R. (2017). Child maltreatment. revictimization and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among adults in a community sample. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.03.003
  • Ehrensaft, M. K. & Cohen, P. (2012). Contribution of family violence to the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior. Prevention Science, 13(4), 370-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0223-8
  • Garthe, R. C., Sullivan, T. N. & Gorman-Smith, D. (2019). The family context and adolescent dating violence: a latent class analysis of family relationships and parenting behaviors. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(7), 1418-1432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01051-w
  • Harter, S. (2015). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations. Guilford Publications. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=OZ2tCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+construction+of+the+self:+Developmental+and+sociocultural+foundations.+&ots=WudukHeSSG&sig=dsDFft9BXRq3MaYYwOrD1yGMoI8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20construction%20of%20the%20self%3A%20Developmental%20and%20sociocultural%20foundations.&f=false
  • Hayashi, Y., Okamoto, Y., Takagaki, K., Okada, G., Toki, S. & Inoue, T. (2015). Direct and indirect influences of childhood abuse on depression symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0636-1
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Journal of Educational Measurement, 51(3), 335–337.
  • Herman, J. (2007). Travma ve İyileşme. Literatür yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Hisli Şahin, N., Durak Batıgün, A., Ugurtas, S. (2002). The validity, reliability and factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2), 125-135. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12794665
  • Hisli Şahin, N., Durak Batıgün, A., Uzun. C. (2011). Anxiety disorder: a study on interpersonal style, self-perception, and anger. Anatolian Psychiatry Journal, 12, 107-113.
  • Huh, H. J., Kim, K. H., Lee, H. K. & Chae, J. H. (2017). The relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of adulthood depression and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Journal of affective disorders, 213, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.009
  • Infurna, M.R., Reichl, C., Parzer, P., Schimmenti, A., Bifulco, A., Kaess, M. (2016). Associations between depression and specific childhood experiences of abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.006
  • Jennings, W. G., Okeem, C., Piquero, A. R., Sellers, C. S., Theobald, D. & Farrington, D. P. (2017). Dating and intimate partner violence among young persons ages 15–30: Evidence from a systematic review. Aggression and violent behavior, 33, 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.007
  • Kaura, S. A. & Lohman, B. J. (2007). Dating violence victimization. relationship satisfaction. mental health problems. and acceptability of violence: A comparison of men and women. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 367-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9092-0
  • Kılınçer, A. S. & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2014). Perceived Abuse in Romantic Relationships Among University Students. Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(42), 160-172. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200263
  • Korb, M. P., Gorrell, J., & Van De Riet, V. (1989). Gestalt therapy: Practice and theory. Pergamon Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-98389-000
  • Laporte, L., Jiang, D., Pepler, D. J., & Chamberland, C. (2011). The relationship between adolescents’ experience of family violence and dating violence. Youth & Society, 43(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X09336631
  • Lewis, S. H. & Fremouw, W. (2001). Dating Violence: A Critical Review of the Literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21 (1): 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00042-2
  • Lu, F. Y., Wen, S., Deng, G. & Tang, Y. L. (2017). Self-concept mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and abstinence motivation as well as self-efficacy among drug addicts. Addictive Behaviors, 68, 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.017
  • Matheson, F. I., Daoud, N., Hamilton-Wright, S., Borenstein, H., Pedersen, C. & O’Campo, P. (2015). Where did she go? The transformation of self-esteem. self-identitiy and mental well being among women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Women’s Health Issues, 25(5), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.04.006
  • McMahon, K., Hoertel, N., Wall, M. M., Okuda, M., Limosin, F. & Blanco, C. (2015). Childhood maltreatment and risk of intimate partner violence: A national study. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 69, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.026
  • Öztürk, E. (2020). Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Psikotravmatoloji Temel Kitabı. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri: İstanbul. 2nd ed.
  • Penado Abilleira, M., & Rodicio-García, M. L. (2017). Analysis of self-concept in victims of gender-based violence among adolescents. Suma Psicológica, 24(2), 107-114. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/sumps/v24n2/0121-4381-sumps-24-02-00107.pdf
  • Reyes, H. L. M., Foshee, V. A., Bauer, D. J. & Ennett, S. T. (2012). Heavy alcohol use and dating violence perpetration during adolescence: Family, peer and neighborhood violence as moderators. Prevention Science, 13(4), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0215-8
  • Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw Hill. https://chester-counselling.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/rogers-1959.pdf
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01038-000
  • Roubal, Jan (2007). Depression - A Gestalt Theoretical Perspective. British Gestalt Journal, 16, 35-43. http://gestalt.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/depression_gestalt_theoretical_BGJ.pdf
  • Şar, V., Öztürk, E. & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and Reliability of Childhood Trauma Scale. Clinics, 32(4), 1054-63. http://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
  • Şahin, N. H., Şahin, N. (1992). Adolescent guilt. shame. and depression in relation to sociotropy and autonomy [Conference Presentation]. The World Congress of Cognitive Therapy, Toronto, June 17-21.
  • Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., Rockstroh, B. (2016). Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. BMC psychiatry, 16 (1), 295. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1004-5
  • Smith, P. H., White, J. W., & Holland, L. J. (2003). A longitudinal perspective on dating violence among adolescent and college-age women. American journal of public health, 93(7), 1104-1109. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1104
  • Taquette, S. R. & Monteiro, D. L. M. (2019). Causes and consequences of adolescent dating violence: a systematic review. Journal of injury and violence research, 11(2), 137. https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v11i2.1061
  • Turner, J. C. & Oakes, P. J. (1989). Self-categorization theory and social influence. In P. B. Paulus (ed.), The psychology of group influence (2nd ed., pp. 233-275). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
  • Whitaker, D. J., Baker, C. K., Arias, I. (2007). Interventions to prevent intimate partner violence In L. S. Doll, S. E. Bonzo, D. A. Sleet, J. A. Mercy, E. N. Haas (Eds.). Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention. New York. NY: Springer Science+Business Media. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=iv6V3_bK2A8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Handbook+of+Injury+and+Violence+Prevention&ots=-yHsbX2BCn&sig=k2ZQJVubHP0BxKCqK8p5INN7DN0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Handbook%20of%20Injury%20and%20Violence%20Prevention&f=false
  • Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child abuse & neglect, 32(8), 785-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006
  • Yontef, G., & Jacobs, L. (1989). Gestalt therapy. Current psychotherapies, 4. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=pSsXAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=Current+psychotherapies&ots=-ZxSbq73nN&sig=dAgEPRLy3NqWJtAwQQT4ofpjv2g&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Current%20psychotherapies&f=false
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 66, 389 - 403, 15.09.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Berber-Çelik, Ç. B., & Odacı, H. (2012). The effect of experience of childhood abuse among university students on self-perception and submissive behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 200-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.017
  • Brown, J. D. (2007). Book review: Statistical analyses for language assessment. Language Testing, 24(1), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532207072561
  • Cava, M. J., Buelga, S. & Carrascosa, L. (2015). Violencia física y psicológica ejercida en parejas adolescentes: relación con el autoconcepto y la violencia entre iguales. Psicología Conductual, 23(3), 429-446. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria-Jesus-Cava/publication/289976115_Physical_and_psychological_violence_inflicted_in_teen_dating_its_relationship_with_self-concept_and_peer_violence/links/5ce2671e458515712eb6ab40/Physical-and-psychological-violence-inflicted-in-teen-dating-its-relationship-with-self-concept-and-peer-violence.pdf
  • Cederbaum, J. A., Negriff, S., & Molina, A. P. (2020). Child maltreatment and romantic relationships in adolescence and young adulthood: The mediating role of self-perception. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104718
  • Choi, H.J., Weston, R. & Temple, J.R. (2017). A Three-Step Latent Class Analysis to Identify How Different Patterns of Teen Dating Violence and Psychosocial Factors Influence Mental Health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4): 854-866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0570-7
  • Collin-Vézina, D., Hébert, M., Manseau, H., Blais, M., Fernet, M. (2006). Self-concept and Dating Violence in 220 Adolescent Girls in the Child Protective System. Child Youth Care Forum, 35: 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-006-9019-6
  • Dag, I. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R) for university students. Journal of Psychiatry, 2(1). https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-86097-001
  • Daş, C. (2009). Bütünleşmek ve Büyümek: Gestalt Terapi Yaklaşımı. HYB: Ankara, 2nd ed.
  • Dias, A., Sales, L., Moorena, T., Mota-Cardosoe, T. & Kleber, R. (2017). Child maltreatment. revictimization and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among adults in a community sample. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.03.003
  • Ehrensaft, M. K. & Cohen, P. (2012). Contribution of family violence to the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior. Prevention Science, 13(4), 370-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0223-8
  • Garthe, R. C., Sullivan, T. N. & Gorman-Smith, D. (2019). The family context and adolescent dating violence: a latent class analysis of family relationships and parenting behaviors. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(7), 1418-1432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01051-w
  • Harter, S. (2015). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations. Guilford Publications. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=OZ2tCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+construction+of+the+self:+Developmental+and+sociocultural+foundations.+&ots=WudukHeSSG&sig=dsDFft9BXRq3MaYYwOrD1yGMoI8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20construction%20of%20the%20self%3A%20Developmental%20and%20sociocultural%20foundations.&f=false
  • Hayashi, Y., Okamoto, Y., Takagaki, K., Okada, G., Toki, S. & Inoue, T. (2015). Direct and indirect influences of childhood abuse on depression symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0636-1
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Journal of Educational Measurement, 51(3), 335–337.
  • Herman, J. (2007). Travma ve İyileşme. Literatür yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Hisli Şahin, N., Durak Batıgün, A., Ugurtas, S. (2002). The validity, reliability and factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2), 125-135. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12794665
  • Hisli Şahin, N., Durak Batıgün, A., Uzun. C. (2011). Anxiety disorder: a study on interpersonal style, self-perception, and anger. Anatolian Psychiatry Journal, 12, 107-113.
  • Huh, H. J., Kim, K. H., Lee, H. K. & Chae, J. H. (2017). The relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of adulthood depression and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Journal of affective disorders, 213, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.009
  • Infurna, M.R., Reichl, C., Parzer, P., Schimmenti, A., Bifulco, A., Kaess, M. (2016). Associations between depression and specific childhood experiences of abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.006
  • Jennings, W. G., Okeem, C., Piquero, A. R., Sellers, C. S., Theobald, D. & Farrington, D. P. (2017). Dating and intimate partner violence among young persons ages 15–30: Evidence from a systematic review. Aggression and violent behavior, 33, 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.007
  • Kaura, S. A. & Lohman, B. J. (2007). Dating violence victimization. relationship satisfaction. mental health problems. and acceptability of violence: A comparison of men and women. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 367-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9092-0
  • Kılınçer, A. S. & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2014). Perceived Abuse in Romantic Relationships Among University Students. Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(42), 160-172. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200263
  • Korb, M. P., Gorrell, J., & Van De Riet, V. (1989). Gestalt therapy: Practice and theory. Pergamon Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-98389-000
  • Laporte, L., Jiang, D., Pepler, D. J., & Chamberland, C. (2011). The relationship between adolescents’ experience of family violence and dating violence. Youth & Society, 43(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X09336631
  • Lewis, S. H. & Fremouw, W. (2001). Dating Violence: A Critical Review of the Literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21 (1): 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00042-2
  • Lu, F. Y., Wen, S., Deng, G. & Tang, Y. L. (2017). Self-concept mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and abstinence motivation as well as self-efficacy among drug addicts. Addictive Behaviors, 68, 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.017
  • Matheson, F. I., Daoud, N., Hamilton-Wright, S., Borenstein, H., Pedersen, C. & O’Campo, P. (2015). Where did she go? The transformation of self-esteem. self-identitiy and mental well being among women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Women’s Health Issues, 25(5), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.04.006
  • McMahon, K., Hoertel, N., Wall, M. M., Okuda, M., Limosin, F. & Blanco, C. (2015). Childhood maltreatment and risk of intimate partner violence: A national study. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 69, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.026
  • Öztürk, E. (2020). Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Psikotravmatoloji Temel Kitabı. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri: İstanbul. 2nd ed.
  • Penado Abilleira, M., & Rodicio-García, M. L. (2017). Analysis of self-concept in victims of gender-based violence among adolescents. Suma Psicológica, 24(2), 107-114. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/sumps/v24n2/0121-4381-sumps-24-02-00107.pdf
  • Reyes, H. L. M., Foshee, V. A., Bauer, D. J. & Ennett, S. T. (2012). Heavy alcohol use and dating violence perpetration during adolescence: Family, peer and neighborhood violence as moderators. Prevention Science, 13(4), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0215-8
  • Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw Hill. https://chester-counselling.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/rogers-1959.pdf
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01038-000
  • Roubal, Jan (2007). Depression - A Gestalt Theoretical Perspective. British Gestalt Journal, 16, 35-43. http://gestalt.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/depression_gestalt_theoretical_BGJ.pdf
  • Şar, V., Öztürk, E. & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and Reliability of Childhood Trauma Scale. Clinics, 32(4), 1054-63. http://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
  • Şahin, N. H., Şahin, N. (1992). Adolescent guilt. shame. and depression in relation to sociotropy and autonomy [Conference Presentation]. The World Congress of Cognitive Therapy, Toronto, June 17-21.
  • Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., Rockstroh, B. (2016). Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. BMC psychiatry, 16 (1), 295. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1004-5
  • Smith, P. H., White, J. W., & Holland, L. J. (2003). A longitudinal perspective on dating violence among adolescent and college-age women. American journal of public health, 93(7), 1104-1109. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1104
  • Taquette, S. R. & Monteiro, D. L. M. (2019). Causes and consequences of adolescent dating violence: a systematic review. Journal of injury and violence research, 11(2), 137. https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v11i2.1061
  • Turner, J. C. & Oakes, P. J. (1989). Self-categorization theory and social influence. In P. B. Paulus (ed.), The psychology of group influence (2nd ed., pp. 233-275). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
  • Whitaker, D. J., Baker, C. K., Arias, I. (2007). Interventions to prevent intimate partner violence In L. S. Doll, S. E. Bonzo, D. A. Sleet, J. A. Mercy, E. N. Haas (Eds.). Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention. New York. NY: Springer Science+Business Media. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=iv6V3_bK2A8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Handbook+of+Injury+and+Violence+Prevention&ots=-yHsbX2BCn&sig=k2ZQJVubHP0BxKCqK8p5INN7DN0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Handbook%20of%20Injury%20and%20Violence%20Prevention&f=false
  • Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child abuse & neglect, 32(8), 785-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006
  • Yontef, G., & Jacobs, L. (1989). Gestalt therapy. Current psychotherapies, 4. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=pSsXAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=Current+psychotherapies&ots=-ZxSbq73nN&sig=dAgEPRLy3NqWJtAwQQT4ofpjv2g&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Current%20psychotherapies&f=false
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bengisu Nehir Aydın Bu kişi benim

Erdinç Öztürk

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 66

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, B. N., & Öztürk, E. (2022). The Effect of Childhood Traumas on Psychological Symptoms: The Sequential Mediating Roles of Self-Concept and Being Exposed to Dating Violence. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(66), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1174964

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