Research Article

Artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive techniques: comparative evaluation of deep learning architectures for bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes classification

Volume: 64 Number: 4 December 8, 2025
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Artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive techniques: comparative evaluation of deep learning architectures for bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes classification

Abstract

Aim: Follicular quality is a key determinant of success in assisted reproductive technologies, directly affecting outcomes such as fertilization, embryo development, implantation, and live birth rates. However, conventional assessment of cumulus-oocyte complexes relies on subjective morphological evaluation, introducing variability and reducing consistency in clinical decision-making. Materials and Methods: A comparative evaluation of various pre-trained deep learning architectures—including both convolutional neural networks and transformer-based models—was conducted for the automated morphological grading of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes into four quality categories (Grade A–D). A dataset of 1,400 annotated images of cumulus-oocyte complexes, enhanced through data augmentation techniques to increase image diversity, was used for model training and validation. Results: Among the tested architectures, Xception41 (a variant of convolutional neural networks) and Swin Transformer (a transformer-based model) achieved the highest performance, with test accuracies of 74.75% and 73.25%, and macro F1-scores of 0.75 and 0.74, respectively. While both models performed well in grading cumulus-oocyte complexes with distinct morphological features (Grades 3 and 4), classification accuracy decreased for the more subtle differences between Grades 1 and 2. Furthermore, most models exhibited signs of overfitting under the current training configuration. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of deep learning-based approaches to standardize and enhance the efficiency of cumulus-oocyte complexes evaluation in assisted reproductive technologies. Further optimization is needed to improve model generalization and to address challenges in grading morphologically similar follicular structures.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma, İzmir Bakırçay Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından BBAP.2022.006 Proje Numarası ile desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

BBAP.2022.006

Ethical Statement

Mert Can TEKEL, Pınar Entegre Et ve Un Sanayi A.Ş.’de görev yapmaktadır. Söz konusu kurumun bu çalışma üzerinde herhangi bir bilimsel etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan inek overleri, atık materyal kapsamında Pınar Entegre Et ve Un Sanayi A.Ş.’den temin edilmiştir. Şirket tarafından çalışmaya yönelik herhangi bir finansal veya maddi destek sağlanmamıştır. Yazarlar, bu çalışma kapsamında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmadığını beyan etmektedir.

Thanks

Bu çalışma, İzmir Bakırçay Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından BBAP.2022.006 proje numarası ile desteklenmiştir. Sağladıkları katkılar ve destek için kurum yetkililerine teşekkür ederiz.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Histology and Embryology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 8, 2025

Submission Date

July 8, 2025

Acceptance Date

August 11, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 64 Number: 4

Vancouver
1.Aylin Gökhan, Seda Çetinkaya Karabekir, Emre Ölmez, Saadet Özen Akarca Dizakar, Mert Can Tekel, Orhan Er, Mehmet Kemal Güllü, Türker Çavuşoğlu. Artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive techniques: comparative evaluation of deep learning architectures for bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes classification. EJM. 2025 Dec. 1;64(4):653-64. doi:10.19161/etd.1737365

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