Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, aile hekimlerinin over kanseri (OK) risk faktörleri, tanısı, taraması, risk azaltma ve yönetimi konusundaki bilgilerini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Birinci basamak sağlık hizmeti klinisyenlerine e-posta yoluyla posta yoluyla anketler gönderildi. Anket, genel bilgi, semptomlar ve OK yönetimi olmak üzere üç bölümden oluşuyordu.
Bulgular: Pelvik ağrı, OK'yi öngörmede en önemli semptom olarak belirlendi; bunu karın ağrısı ve karın şişliği izledi. Ancak, semptom sıklığı katılımcıların yalnızca %1,1'i tarafından ayda 12 ila 30 kez olarak doğru düşünüldü. Meme/over kanseri aile öyküsü ile over kanseri arasındaki ilişki birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinde iyi bilinmektedir. Gastrointestinal semptomlar ile over kanseri arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin bilgi eksikliğinin, over kanserinin erken evrelerde teşhisinde gecikmeye yol açtığı tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Birinci basamak sağlık hizmeti sağlayıcılarının over kanseri semptomları ve risk faktörleri konusunda farkındalık sahibi olması, hastaların erken evrelerde teşhis edilmesi ve gecikmeden kanser merkezlerine yönlendirilmesi açısından çok önemlidir.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.
References
- Quaye L, Gayther SA, Ramus SJ, et al. The Effects of Common Genetic Variants in Oncogenes on Ovarian Cancer Survival. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Sep;14(18):5833 LP – 5839.
- Colombo N, Van Gorp T, Parma G, et al. Ovarian cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;60(2):159–79.
- Gajjar K, Ogden G, Mujahid M, Razvi K. Symptoms and Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer: A Survey in Primary Care. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Aug;2012:754197.
- Wynn ML, Chang S, Peipins LA. Temporal Patterns of Conditions and Symptoms Potentially Associated with Ovarian Cancer. J Women’s Heal. 2007 Sep;16(7):971–86.
- Goff BA, Mandel LS, Drescher CW, et al. Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index. Cancer. 2007 Jan;109(2):221–7.
- Smith LH, Morris CR, Yasmeen S, Parikh-Patel A, Cress RD, Romano PS. Ovarian cancer: Can we make the clinical diagnosis earlier? Cancer. 2005 Oct;104(7):1398–407.
- Bankhead CR, Collins C, Stokes-Lampard H, et al. Identifying symptoms of ovarian cancer: a qualitative and quantitative study. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Jul;115(8):1008–14.
- Evans J, Ziebland S, McPherson A. Minimizing delays in ovarian cancer diagnosis: an expansion of Andersen’s model of ‘total patient delay.’ Fam Pract. 2007 Feb;24(1):48–55.
- Twombly R. Cancer Killer May Be “Silent” No More. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Sep;99(18):1359–61.
- Dilley J, Burnell M, Gentry-Maharaj A, et al. Ovarian cancer symptoms, routes to diagnosis and survival - Population cohort study in the “no screen” arm of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Gynecol Oncol. 2020 Aug;158(2):316–22.
- Lockwood-Rayermann S, Donovan HS, Rambo D, Kuo CWJ. Original Research: Women’s Awareness of Ovarian Cancer Risks and Symptoms. AJN Am J Nurs. 2009;109(9).
- Charkhchi P, Cybulski C, Gronwald J, Wong FO, Narod SA, Akbari MR. CA125 and Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Dec;12(12):3730.
- Rauh-Hain JA, Krivak TC, Del Carmen MG, Olawaiye AB. Ovarian cancer screening and early detection in the general population. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2011;4(1):15–21.
- Bankhead CR, Kehoe ST, Austoker J. Symptoms associated with diagnosis of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005 Jul;112(7):857–65.
- LATAIFEH I, MARSDEN DE, ROBERTSON G, GEBSKI V, HACKER NF. Presenting symptoms of epithelial ovarian cancer. Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005 Jun;45(3):211–4.
- Lim AWW, Mesher D, Gentry-Maharaj A, et al. Predictive value of symptoms for ovarian cancer: comparison of symptoms reported by questionnaire, interview, and general practitioner notes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(2):114–24.
- Rossing MA, Wicklund KG, Cushing-Haugen KL, Weiss NS. Predictive value of symptoms for early detection of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Feb;102(4):222–9.
- Hamilton W, Peters TJ, Bankhead C, Sharp D. Risk of ovarian cancer in women with symptoms in primary care: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug;339:b2998.
- Powell CB, Littell R, Hoodfar E, Sinclair F, Pressman A. Does the Diagnosis of Breast or Ovarian Cancer Trigger Referral to Genetic Counseling? Int J Gynecol Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Mar 1;23(3):431–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0b013e318280f2b4
- Burke W, Culver J, Pinsky L, et al. Genetic assessment of breast cancer risk in primary care practice. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Mar;149A(3):349–56.
- Rodríguez-Ayala G, Romaguera J, López M, Ortiz AP. Ovarian Cancer Screening Practices of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in Puerto Rico. Lim MC, editor. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:920915.
- Givens V, Mitchell GE, Harraway-Smith C, Reddy A, Maness DL. Diagnosis and management of adnexal masses. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Oct;80(8):815–20.
- Moss EL, Hollingworth J, Holland M, Murphy DJ, Fernando I, Reynolds TM. The use and understanding of CA125 as a tumor marker for ovarian cancer: a questionnaire-based survey. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008 May;18(3):439 LP – 445.
- Stokes-Lampard H, Wilson S, Allan T, Waddell C, Kehoe S. Vaginal vault smears –‘know more – do less’: a questionnaire survey of primary health care practitioners. Cytopathology. 2005 Oct;16(5):244–51.
- Edwards PJ, Roberts I, Clarke MJ, DiGuiseppi C, Woolf B, Perkins C. Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov;11(11):MR000008.
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of general practitioners regarding risk factors, diagnosis, screening, risk-reducing, and management of ovarian cancer (OC).
Materials and Methods: Postal questionnaires were sent to primary care clinicians via e-mail. The questionnaire was comprised of three parts including general knowledge, symptoms, and management of the OC.
Results: Pelvic pain was determined as the most relevant symptom that enhances to predict OC followed by abdominal pain and abdominal swelling. However, symptom frequency was truly thought of by only 1.1% of the participants as 12 to 30 times per month. Association between the family history of breast/ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer was well known in primary care. Lack of knowledge was determined to regard to the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and ovarian cancer leads to delay in diagnosis of ovarian cancer in early stages.
Conclusion: Awareness of ovarian cancer symptoms and risk factors in primary carer is crucial to diagnose patients with disease in early stages and refer them to the cancer centers without delay.
Ethical Statement
The ethics committee approval was obtained for this study.
References
- Quaye L, Gayther SA, Ramus SJ, et al. The Effects of Common Genetic Variants in Oncogenes on Ovarian Cancer Survival. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Sep;14(18):5833 LP – 5839.
- Colombo N, Van Gorp T, Parma G, et al. Ovarian cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;60(2):159–79.
- Gajjar K, Ogden G, Mujahid M, Razvi K. Symptoms and Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer: A Survey in Primary Care. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Aug;2012:754197.
- Wynn ML, Chang S, Peipins LA. Temporal Patterns of Conditions and Symptoms Potentially Associated with Ovarian Cancer. J Women’s Heal. 2007 Sep;16(7):971–86.
- Goff BA, Mandel LS, Drescher CW, et al. Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index. Cancer. 2007 Jan;109(2):221–7.
- Smith LH, Morris CR, Yasmeen S, Parikh-Patel A, Cress RD, Romano PS. Ovarian cancer: Can we make the clinical diagnosis earlier? Cancer. 2005 Oct;104(7):1398–407.
- Bankhead CR, Collins C, Stokes-Lampard H, et al. Identifying symptoms of ovarian cancer: a qualitative and quantitative study. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Jul;115(8):1008–14.
- Evans J, Ziebland S, McPherson A. Minimizing delays in ovarian cancer diagnosis: an expansion of Andersen’s model of ‘total patient delay.’ Fam Pract. 2007 Feb;24(1):48–55.
- Twombly R. Cancer Killer May Be “Silent” No More. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Sep;99(18):1359–61.
- Dilley J, Burnell M, Gentry-Maharaj A, et al. Ovarian cancer symptoms, routes to diagnosis and survival - Population cohort study in the “no screen” arm of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Gynecol Oncol. 2020 Aug;158(2):316–22.
- Lockwood-Rayermann S, Donovan HS, Rambo D, Kuo CWJ. Original Research: Women’s Awareness of Ovarian Cancer Risks and Symptoms. AJN Am J Nurs. 2009;109(9).
- Charkhchi P, Cybulski C, Gronwald J, Wong FO, Narod SA, Akbari MR. CA125 and Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Dec;12(12):3730.
- Rauh-Hain JA, Krivak TC, Del Carmen MG, Olawaiye AB. Ovarian cancer screening and early detection in the general population. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2011;4(1):15–21.
- Bankhead CR, Kehoe ST, Austoker J. Symptoms associated with diagnosis of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005 Jul;112(7):857–65.
- LATAIFEH I, MARSDEN DE, ROBERTSON G, GEBSKI V, HACKER NF. Presenting symptoms of epithelial ovarian cancer. Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005 Jun;45(3):211–4.
- Lim AWW, Mesher D, Gentry-Maharaj A, et al. Predictive value of symptoms for ovarian cancer: comparison of symptoms reported by questionnaire, interview, and general practitioner notes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(2):114–24.
- Rossing MA, Wicklund KG, Cushing-Haugen KL, Weiss NS. Predictive value of symptoms for early detection of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Feb;102(4):222–9.
- Hamilton W, Peters TJ, Bankhead C, Sharp D. Risk of ovarian cancer in women with symptoms in primary care: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2009 Aug;339:b2998.
- Powell CB, Littell R, Hoodfar E, Sinclair F, Pressman A. Does the Diagnosis of Breast or Ovarian Cancer Trigger Referral to Genetic Counseling? Int J Gynecol Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Mar 1;23(3):431–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0b013e318280f2b4
- Burke W, Culver J, Pinsky L, et al. Genetic assessment of breast cancer risk in primary care practice. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Mar;149A(3):349–56.
- Rodríguez-Ayala G, Romaguera J, López M, Ortiz AP. Ovarian Cancer Screening Practices of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in Puerto Rico. Lim MC, editor. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:920915.
- Givens V, Mitchell GE, Harraway-Smith C, Reddy A, Maness DL. Diagnosis and management of adnexal masses. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Oct;80(8):815–20.
- Moss EL, Hollingworth J, Holland M, Murphy DJ, Fernando I, Reynolds TM. The use and understanding of CA125 as a tumor marker for ovarian cancer: a questionnaire-based survey. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008 May;18(3):439 LP – 445.
- Stokes-Lampard H, Wilson S, Allan T, Waddell C, Kehoe S. Vaginal vault smears –‘know more – do less’: a questionnaire survey of primary health care practitioners. Cytopathology. 2005 Oct;16(5):244–51.
- Edwards PJ, Roberts I, Clarke MJ, DiGuiseppi C, Woolf B, Perkins C. Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov;11(11):MR000008.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Obstetrics and Gynaecology |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | August 31, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | October 28, 2025 |
| Publication Date | March 9, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1774815 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA95WX74EW |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 65 Issue: 1 |
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