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Do gram-negative pathogen and resistance patterns in ventilator-associated pneumonia change over time?
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients diagnosed with ventilator-associated pneumonia and to assess changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns over a three-year period.
Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with ventilator-associated pneumonia in the adult intensive care unit between January 2023 and December 2025 and with growth detected in lower respiratory tract samples were retrospectively analyzed. Identification of isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using the BD Phoenix M50 system, and results were interpreted according to the 2025 criteria of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Extended-spectrum beta -lactamase positivity in Enterobacterales species and carbapenem resistance in all isolates were examined. Changes over the years were analyzed using the Cochran–Armitage trend test.
Results: A total of 96 patients were included in the study (68.8% male; mean age 74.2 ± 12.6 years). Gram-negative bacteria constituted 88.5% of all isolates over the three-year period. The most common pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae (49.4%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (23.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.8%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positivity was detected in 90.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Carbapenem resistance was high in Klebsiella pneumoniae (95.2%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (95.0%) and did not show a significant change over the years (p>0,05). Resistance rates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa varied.
Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria are the predominant pathogens in ventilator-associated pneumonia cases. High extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production and carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii limit empirical treatment choices. Regular monitoring of institution-specific resistance patterns is important for determining appropriate antimicrobial strategies.
Keywords
Teşekkür
Bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesi sürecindeki katkıları nedeniyle mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarından Uzm. Dr. Ertuğrul Çağlayan ve ekibine teşekkür ederiz. Analizlerin düzenli ve güvenilir biçimde yürütülmesine sağladıkları destek çalışma sürecine önemli katkı sağlamıştır.
Kaynakça
- Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61–111.
- Uptodate.com. Waltham (MA): Treatment of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults. [updated 19 June 2024; cited 10 December 2025]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-hospital-acquired-and-ventilator-associated-pneumonia-in-adults
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- Thakur HK, Singh N, Singh P, Kumar A, Gupta R, Yadav A, et al. Comprehensive Analysis of Etiological Agents and Drug Resistance Patterns in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Microorganisms. 2025;16(7):152.
- Asghar MU, Dilshad S, Anwar MA, Ashraf M, Tariq A, Mahmood MS, et al. Seasonal and hospital settings variations in antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates from cardiac patients: insights from a 7-year study. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25:71.
- Tripathi RK, Kenaa B, O’Hara LM, Richert ME, Claeys KC, Leekha S. Improving Antibiotic Use for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Through Diagnostic Stewardship: A Proof-of-Concept Mixed Methods Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(9):ofae500.
- Eucast.org. Basel: Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 15.0, 2025. [updated 01 January 2025; cited 10 December 2025]. Available from: https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/v_15.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
Türkçe
Konular
Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar , Yoğun Bakım
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Sinan Mermer
*
0000-0001-9937-6267
Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi
9 Mart 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
27 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi
13 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 1970 Cilt: 65 Sayı: 1