Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Periferik Sinir Yaralanmaları: Güncel Cerrahi Yönetim Stratejileri

Year 2024, Volume: 63 Issue: 3, 487 - 500, 09.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1501328

Abstract

Amaç: Periferik sinir yaralanmaları (PSY) yaşayan birçok birey kalıcı sakatlıklarla karşı karşıya kalmakta ve bu durum önemli bir sağlık sorunu oluşturmaktadır. PSY, delici yaralanmalar, sıkışma, gerilme ve iskemik gibi çeşitli nedenlerden kaynaklanabilir ve her biri farklı klinik semptomlarla ortaya çıkar. Bu derleme, periferik sinir anatomisinin ayrıntılı bir açıklamasını sunarak temel PSY kavramlarını yeniden gözden geçirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, periferik sinir hasarını takip eden patofizyolojik süreçleri araştırmakta ve PSY sınıflandırmalarına dayalı olarak vücudun kendini yenileme kapasitesini destekleyen veya engelleyen faktörleri vurgulamaktadır. İncelemede ayrıca, PSY'lerin tedavisinde mevcut olan güncel terapötik nöroşirürji yaklaşımları da tanımlanmaktadır.

Yöntem: Bu derleme, çeşitli yaralanma türlerini aydınlatmak amacıyla periferik sinirlerin anatomisini titizlikle tartışmaktadır. Periferik sinir yaralanmalarının tetiklediği spesifik patofizyolojik mekanizmalara dalmakta ve yenilenmeyi etkileyen ilgili faktörleri incelemektedir. Ayrıca, PSY'lerin ele alınmasında kullanılan güncel terapötik nöroşirürji stratejilerini de açıklamaktadır.

Sonuçlar: PSY'lerin yönetimi için nöroşirürji stratejilerine dair önceki literatürlerin gözden geçirilmesi, cerrahi prosedürlerin genellikle gerekli olmasına rağmen, çok pahalı olduğunu ve immünosupresyon, kromozomal anormallikler ve tümör oluşumu gibi çeşitli yan etkiler nedeniyle kullanımının sınırlı kaldığını göstermektedir.

Sonuç: Yaralanmanın kaynağı, yeri ve kapsamı dikkate alındığında, PSY'lerin tedavisinde cerrahi ve cerrahi olmayan yaklaşımların her ikisi de avantaj sağlamaktadır. İnsidans, mevcut uygulamalar, sonuçlar ve araştırma türlerine ilişkin kapsamlı verilerle desteklenen alandaki gelişmeler, yenilikçi tedavi tekniklerine yol açmıştır. Bununla birlikte, tam fonksiyonel iyileşme sağlamak, geniş kapsamlı araştırma çabalarına rağmen hala önemli bir zorluk olarak kalmaktadır.

References

  • Althagafi A, Nadi M. Acute Nerve Injury. StatPearls [Internet]. 2023 Aug 7 [cited 2024 Jun 13]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549848/
  • Hatzenbuehler J. Peripheral nerve injury. Curr Sports Med Rep [Internet]. 2015 Sep 12 [cited 2024 Jun 13];14(5):356–7. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/fulltext/2015/09000/peripheral_nerve_injury.7.aspx
  • Taylor CA, Braza D, Rice JB, Dillingham T. The incidence of peripheral nerve injury in extremity trauma. Am J Phys Med Rehabil [Internet]. 2008 May [cited 2024 Jun 13];87(5):381–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18334923/
  • Kaya Y, Sarikcioglu L. Sir Herbert Seddon (1903-1977) and his classification scheme for peripheral nerve injury. Childs Nerv Syst [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];31(2):177–80. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25269543/
  • Babaei-Ghazani A, Eftekharsadat B, Samadirad B, Mamaghany V, Abdollahian S. Traumatic lower extremity and lumbosacral peripheral nerve injuries in adults: Electrodiagnostic studies and patients symptoms. J Forensic Leg Med [Internet]. 2017 Nov 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];52:89–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28886432/
  • Guo Y, Chiou-Tan FY. Radial nerve injuries from gunshot wounds and other trauma: comparison of electrodiagnostic findings. Am J Phys Med Rehabil [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2024 Jun 13];81(3):207–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11989518/
  • Noble J, Munro CA, Prasad VSSV, Midha R. Analysis of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries in a population of patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2024 Jun 14];45(1):116–22. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9680023/
  • Campbell WW. Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury. Clin Neurophysiol [Internet]. 2008 Sep [cited 2024 Jun 10];119(9):1951–65. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18482862/
  • Kretschmer T, Antoniadis G, Braun V, Rath SA, Richter HP. Evaluation of iatrogenic lesions in 722 surgically treated cases of peripheral nerve trauma. J Neurosurg [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2024 Jun 14];94(6):905–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11409518/
  • Burnett MG, Zager EL. Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: a brief review. Neurosurg Focus [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2024 Jun 13];16(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15174821/
  • Arnold WD, Krishna VR, Freimer M, Kissel JT, Elsheikh B. Prognosis of acute compressive radial neuropathy. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2024 Jun 14];45(6):893–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22581545/
  • Wadsworth TG, Williams JR. Cubital tunnel external compression syndrome. Br Med J [Internet]. 1973 Mar 17 [cited 2024 Jun 14];1(5854):662–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4692712/
  • Warner MA, Martin JT, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Chute CG. Lower-extremity motor neuropathy associated with surgery performed on patients in a lithotomy position. Anesthesiology [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2024 Jun 14];81(1):6–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8042811/
  • Vijayavenkataraman S. Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: A review on design, materials and fabrication methods. Acta Biomater [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1 [cited 2024 Jun 7];106:54–69. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32044456/
  • Alvites R, Rita Caseiro A, Santos Pedrosa S, Vieira Branquinho M, Ronchi G, Geuna S, et al. Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances. Cogent Med [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 7];5(1):1466404. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1466404
  • Wang ML, Rivlin M, Graham JG, Beredjiklian PK. Peripheral nerve injury, scarring, and recovery. Connect Tissue Res [Internet]. 2019 Jan 2 [cited 2024 Jun 7];60(1):3–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2018.1489381
  • Lopes B, Sousa P, Alvites R, Branquinho M, Sousa AC, Mendonça C, et al. Peripheral Nerve Injury Treatments and Advances: One Health Perspective. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2).
  • Carroll SL, Worley SH. Wallerian Degeneration. Curated Ref Collect Neurosci Biobehav Psychol. 2017 Jan 1;485–91.
  • Huntley JS. Neurapraxia and not neuropraxia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg [Internet]. 2014 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Jun 10];67(3):430–1. Available from: http://www.jprasurg.com/article/S174868151300555X/fulltext
  • Hussain G, Wang J, Rasul A, Anwar H, Qasim M, Zafar S, et al. Current status of therapeutic approaches against peripheral nerve injuries: A detailed story from injury to recovery. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(1):116–34.
  • Geuna, S., Fornaro, M., Raimondo, S., & Giacobini-Robecchi MG. Plasticity and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 10]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21072996/
  • Bootz F. [Axonotmesis]. HNO [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2024 Jun 10];48(3):235–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768117/
  • Ohana M, Quijano-Roy S, Colas F, Lebreton C, Vallée C, Carlier RY. Axonotmesis of the sciatic nerve. Diagn Interv Imaging [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jun 10];93(5):398–400. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22542206/
  • Dubový P, Klusáková I, Hradilová Svíženská I. Inflammatory Profiling of Schwann Cells in Contact with Growing Axons Distal to Nerve Injury. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 10];2014. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4022316/
  • Seddon HJ. A Classification of Nerve Injuries. Br Med J [Internet]. 1942 [cited 2024 Jun 10];2(4260):237. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20784403/
  • Seddon HJ. THREE TYPES OF NERVE INJURY. Brain [Internet]. 1943 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Jun 10];66(4):237–88. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/66.4.237
  • Tubbs RS, Rizk E, Shoja MM, Loukas M, Barbaro N, Spinner RJ. Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Nerves Nerve Inj [Internet]. 2015 Apr 23 [cited 2024 Jun 10];1:1–673. Available from: https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/nerves-and-nerve-injuries
  • Houschyar KS, Momeni A, Pyles MN, Cha JY, Maan ZN, Duscher D, et al. The Role of Current Techniques and Concepts in Peripheral Nerve Repair. Plast Surg Int [Internet]. 2016 Jan 20 [cited 2024 Jun 10];2016:1–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26904282/
  • Zuniga JR, Radwan AM. Classification of Nerve Injuries. Trigeminal Nerve Inj. 2013 Jan 1;17–25.
  • Flores A, Lavernia C, Owens P. Anatomy and physiology of peripheral nerve injury and repair. Am J Orthop. 2000;
  • Deumens R, Bozkurt A, Meek MF, Marcus MAE, Joosten EAJ, Weis J, et al. Repairing injured peripheral nerves: Bridging the gap. Prog Neurobiol [Internet]. 2010 Nov [cited 2024 Jun 10];92(3):245–76. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20950667/
  • Pfister BJ, Gordon T, Loverde JR, Kochar AS, Mackinnon SE, Kacy Cullen D. Biomedical engineering strategies for peripheral nerve repair: surgical applications, state of the art, and future challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2024 Jun 10];39(2):81–124. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21488817/
  • Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Peripheral nerve injury and repair. J Am Acad Orthop Surg [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2024 Jun 10];8(4):243–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10951113/
  • Loewenstein SN, Adkinson JM. Tendon Transfers for Peripheral Nerve Palsies. Clin Plast Surg [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];46(3):307–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31103075/
  • Wolford LM, Stevao ELL. Considerations in nerve repair. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) [Internet]. 2003 Apr [cited 2024 Jun 10];16(2):152. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC1201001/
  • Gaudin R, Knipfer C, Henningsen A, Smeets R, Heiland M, Hadlock T. Approaches to Peripheral Nerve Repair: Generations of Biomaterial Conduits Yielding to Replacing Autologous Nerve Grafts in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Jun 13];2016. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27556032/
  • Grinsell D, Keating CP. Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: a review of clinical and experimental therapies. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 13];2014. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25276813/
  • Griffin MF, Malahias M, Hindocha S, Wasim SK. Peripheral nerve injury: principles for repair and regeneration. Open Orthop J [Internet]. 2014 Jul 17 [cited 2024 Jun 13];8(1):199–203. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25067975/
  • Trehan SK, Model Z, Lee SK. Nerve Repair and Nerve Grafting. Hand Clin [Internet]. 2016 May 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];32(2):119–25. Available from: http://www.hand.theclinics.com/article/S0749071215001535/fulltext
  • Moore AM, MacEwan M, Santosa KB, Chenard KE, Ray WZ, Hunter DA, et al. Acellular nerve allografts in peripheral nerve regeneration: a comparative study. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2024 Jun 13];44(2):221–34. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21660979/
  • Isaacs JE, Drinane JJ. Nerve Allografts: Current Utility and Future Directions. Hand Clin [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 13];0(0). Available from: http://www.hand.theclinics.com/article/S0749071224000246/fulltext
  • Millesi H. Bridging defects: autologous nerve grafts. Acta Neurochir Suppl [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2024 Jun 13];100:37–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17985542/
  • Hess JR, Brenner MJ, Fox IK, Nichols CM, Myckatyn TM, Hunter DA, et al. Use of cold-preserved allografts seeded with autologous Schwann cells in the treatment of a long-gap peripheral nerve injury. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2024 Jun 13];119(1):246–59. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17255680/
  • Squintani G, Bonetti B, Paolin A, Vici D, Cogliati E, Murer B, et al. Nerve regeneration across cryopreserved allografts from cadaveric donors: a novel approach for peripheral nerve reconstruction. J Neurosurg [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2024 Jun 13];119(4):907–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23889141/
  • Moore AM. Nerve Transfers to Restore upper Extremity Function: A Paradigm Shift. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 13];5. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3978351/
  • Tung TH, Mackinnon SE. Nerve Transfers: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. J Hand Surg Am. 2010 Feb 1;35(2):332–41.
  • Poppler LH, Wood MD, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE, Moore AM. A Reverse End-to-Side Sensory Nerve Transfer Preserves Muscle Mass. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2014 Oct [cited 2024 Jun 13];134:39–40. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/fulltext/2014/10001/a_reverse_end_to_side_sensory_nerve_transfer.59.aspx
  • Karamanos E, Rakitin I, Dream S, Siddiqui A. Nerve Transfer Surgery for Penetrating Upper Extremity Injuries. Perm J [Internet]. 2018 Apr 9 [cited 2024 Jun 13];22. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29702048/
  • Griffin JW, Hogan MC V., Chhabra AB, Deal DN. Peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am [Internet]. 2013 Dec 4 [cited 2024 Jun 11];95(23):2144–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24306702/
  • Ramachandran S, Midha R. Recent advances in nerve repair. Neurol India [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 10];67(Supplement):S106–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30688243/
  • Orgel MG, Terzis JK. Epineurial vs. perineurial repair. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 1977 [cited 2024 Jun 11];60(1):80–91. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20607943/
  • Wolford LM, Rodrigues DB. Nerve grafts and conduits. Trigeminal Nerve Inj [Internet]. 2013 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];271–90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-35539-4_16
  • Muheremu A, Ao Q. Past, Present, and Future of Nerve Conduits in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injury. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Jun 11];2015. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26491662/
  • Nugent AG, Askari M. Epineurial Repair. Oper Dictations Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];501–2. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40631-2_126
  • Bhatnagar D, Bushman JS, Murthy NS, Merolli A, Kaplan HM, Kohn J. Fibrin glue as a stabilization strategy in peripheral nerve repair when using porous nerve guidance conduits. J Mater Sci Mater Med [Internet]. 2017 May 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];28(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389905/
  • Mafi P, Hindocha S, Dhital M, Saleh M. Advances of peripheral nerve repair techniques to improve hand function: a systematic review of literature. Open Orthop J [Internet]. 2012 Feb 28 [cited 2024 Jun 11];6(1):60–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431951/
  • Sunderland S. The pros and cons of funicular nerve repair. J Hand Surg Am. 1979 May 1;4(3):201–11.
  • Riley DA, Lang DH. Carbonic anhydrase activity of human peripheral nerves: A possible histochemical aid to nerve repair. J Hand Surg Am. 1984 Jan 1;9(1):112–20.
  • Chow N, Miears H, Cox C, MacKay B. Fibrin Glue and Its Alternatives in Peripheral Nerve Repair. Ann Plast Surg [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 14];86(1):103–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/annalsplasticsurgery/fulltext/2021/01000/fibrin_glue_and_its_alternatives_in_peripheral.21.aspx
  • Sameem M, Wood TJ, Bain JR. A systematic review on the use of fibrin glue for peripheral nerve repair. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2024 Jun 13];127(6):2381–90. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21311390/
  • Koulaxouzidis G, Reim G, Witzel C. Fibrin glue repair leads to enhanced axonal elongation during early peripheral nerve regeneration in an in vivo mouse model. Neural Regen Res [Internet]. 2015 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];10(7):1166. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4541252/
  • Barros LC, Ferreira RS, Barraviera SRCS, Stolf HO, Thomazini-Santos IA, Mendes-Giannini MJS, et al. A new fibrin sealant from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom: applications in medicine. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2024 Jun 13];12(8):553–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20183534/
  • Biscola NP, Cartarozzi LP, Ulian-Benitez S, Barbizan R, Castro MV, Spejo AB, et al. Multiple uses of fibrin sealant for nervous system treatment following injury and disease. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2017 Mar 14 [cited 2024 Jun 14];23(1). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5348778/
  • Chen FM, Liu X. Advancing biomaterials of human origin for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci. 2016 Feb 1;53:86–168.
  • Isaacs J, Browne T. Overcoming short gaps in peripheral nerve repair: conduits and human acellular nerve allograft. Hand (N Y) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 14];9(2):131. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4022952/
  • Ulery BD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys [Internet]. 2011 Jun 15 [cited 2024 Jun 14];49(12):832–64. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/polb.22259
  • Arslantunali D, Dursun T, Yucel D, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. Peripheral nerve conduits: technology update. Med Devices (Auckl) [Internet]. 2014 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Jun 14];7:405–24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25489251/
  • Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: Biomaterial mediated neural regeneration. J Biomed Sci [Internet]. 2009 Nov 25 [cited 2024 Jun 14];16(1):1–11. Available from: https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1423-0127-16-108
  • Sayad S, Zaminy A. Stem cell therapy for nerve injury. World J Stem Cells [Internet]. 2017 Sep 9 [cited 2024 Jun 14];9(9):144. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5620423/
  • Rodrigues MCO, Rodrigues AA, Glover LE, Voltarelli J, Borlongan C V. Peripheral nerve repair with cultured schwann cells: getting closer to the clinics. ScientificWorldJournal [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jun 14];2012. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22701355/
  • Hsu YC, Chen SL, Wang DY, Chiu IM. Stem cell-based therapy in neural repair. Biomed J [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2024 Jun 14];36(3):98–105. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23806879/
  • TERENGHI G. Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors. J Anat [Internet]. 1999 Jan [cited 2024 Jun 14];194 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):1–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10227662/
  • Assen LS, Jongsma KR, Isasi R, Tryfonidou MA, Bredenoord AL. Recognizing the ethical implications of stem cell research: A call for broadening the scope. Stem Cell Reports [Internet]. 2021 Jul 7 [cited 2024 Jun 14];16(7):1656. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8282461/
  • Maris JM, Matthay KK. Molecular biology of neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2024 Jun 14];17(7):2264–79. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10561284/
  • Ishii T, Eto K. Fetal stem cell transplantation: Past, present, and future. World J Stem Cells [Internet]. 2014 Sep 9 [cited 2024 Jun 14];6(4):404. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4172669/
  • Widgerow AD, Salibian AA, Kohan E, Sartiniferreira T, Afzel H, Tham T, et al. “Strategic sequences” in adipose-derived stem cell nerve regeneration. Microsurgery [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 14];34(4):324–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24375471/
  • Dai R, Hua W, Xie H, Chen W, Xiong L, Li L. The Human Skin-Derived Precursors for Regenerative Medicine: Current State, Challenges, and Perspectives. Stem Cells Int [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Jun 14];2018. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6079335/
  • Hejazian LB, Akbarnejad Z, Ghoroghi FM, Esmaeilzade B, Chaibakhsh S. Augmenting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 14];13(1):57–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36589026/
  • Herberts CA, Kwa MSG, Hermsen HPH. Risk factors in the development of stem cell therapy. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2011 Mar 22 [cited 2024 Jun 14];9:29. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3070641/
  • Cintrón JAA, Hunter DA, Schellhardt L, Pan D, Mackinnon SE, Wood MD. Limited Nerve Regeneration across Acellular Nerve Allografts (ANAs) Coincides with Changes in Blood Vessel Morphology and the Development of a Pro-Inflammatory Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2024, Vol 25, Page 6413 [Internet]. 2024 Jun 11 [cited 2024 Jun 13];25(12):6413. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/12/6413/htm
  • Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials [Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2024 Jun 13];32(12):3233. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3084613/
  • Kim BS, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Peripheral nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts. J Biomed Mater Res A [Internet]. 2004 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];68(2):201–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14704961/
  • Fan L, Yu Z, Li J, Dang X, Wang K. Schwann-like cells seeded in acellular nerve grafts improve nerve regeneration. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2014 May 21 [cited 2024 Jun 13];15(1):1–11. Available from: https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-15-165

Peripheral Nerve Injuries: The Recent Surgical Management Strategies

Year 2024, Volume: 63 Issue: 3, 487 - 500, 09.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1501328

Abstract

Objectives: Numerous individuals with peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) have permanent disability, which is a major health concern. There are a number of potential causes of PNIs, including piercing injuries, compression, stretch, and ischemia. These injuries can present with a variety of clinical symptoms.
Methodology: In order to clarify the many forms of injury, the peripheral nerve's anatomy is thoroughly explained in this review, which attempts to revisit key PNI ideas. In addition, the specific pathophysiological processes that follow a peripheral nerve damage and the related variables that might either support or undermine the body's ability to regenerate itself depending on PNIs classifications are also mentioned. Next, the recent therapeutic neurosurgical approaches that are accessible in cases of PNIs are described.
Results: Following our overview of the previous literatures on neurosurgical strategies for the management of PNIs, we can observe that surgical procedures are unfortunately very expensive and that their use has been limited due to a variety of adverse effects, such as immunosuppression, chromosomal abnormalities, and tumorigenicity.
Conclusion: In accordance with the source, location and extent of the injury, there are currently advantages to treating PNIs with both surgical and non-surgical approaches. These days, it is possible to identify innovative techniques with the aid of good information regarding incidences, existing practice, outcomes, and study types. Despite a great deal of research on this topic, full functional recovery is still a problem that has to be solved.

References

  • Althagafi A, Nadi M. Acute Nerve Injury. StatPearls [Internet]. 2023 Aug 7 [cited 2024 Jun 13]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549848/
  • Hatzenbuehler J. Peripheral nerve injury. Curr Sports Med Rep [Internet]. 2015 Sep 12 [cited 2024 Jun 13];14(5):356–7. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/fulltext/2015/09000/peripheral_nerve_injury.7.aspx
  • Taylor CA, Braza D, Rice JB, Dillingham T. The incidence of peripheral nerve injury in extremity trauma. Am J Phys Med Rehabil [Internet]. 2008 May [cited 2024 Jun 13];87(5):381–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18334923/
  • Kaya Y, Sarikcioglu L. Sir Herbert Seddon (1903-1977) and his classification scheme for peripheral nerve injury. Childs Nerv Syst [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];31(2):177–80. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25269543/
  • Babaei-Ghazani A, Eftekharsadat B, Samadirad B, Mamaghany V, Abdollahian S. Traumatic lower extremity and lumbosacral peripheral nerve injuries in adults: Electrodiagnostic studies and patients symptoms. J Forensic Leg Med [Internet]. 2017 Nov 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];52:89–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28886432/
  • Guo Y, Chiou-Tan FY. Radial nerve injuries from gunshot wounds and other trauma: comparison of electrodiagnostic findings. Am J Phys Med Rehabil [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2024 Jun 13];81(3):207–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11989518/
  • Noble J, Munro CA, Prasad VSSV, Midha R. Analysis of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries in a population of patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2024 Jun 14];45(1):116–22. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9680023/
  • Campbell WW. Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury. Clin Neurophysiol [Internet]. 2008 Sep [cited 2024 Jun 10];119(9):1951–65. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18482862/
  • Kretschmer T, Antoniadis G, Braun V, Rath SA, Richter HP. Evaluation of iatrogenic lesions in 722 surgically treated cases of peripheral nerve trauma. J Neurosurg [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2024 Jun 14];94(6):905–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11409518/
  • Burnett MG, Zager EL. Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: a brief review. Neurosurg Focus [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2024 Jun 13];16(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15174821/
  • Arnold WD, Krishna VR, Freimer M, Kissel JT, Elsheikh B. Prognosis of acute compressive radial neuropathy. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2024 Jun 14];45(6):893–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22581545/
  • Wadsworth TG, Williams JR. Cubital tunnel external compression syndrome. Br Med J [Internet]. 1973 Mar 17 [cited 2024 Jun 14];1(5854):662–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4692712/
  • Warner MA, Martin JT, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Chute CG. Lower-extremity motor neuropathy associated with surgery performed on patients in a lithotomy position. Anesthesiology [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2024 Jun 14];81(1):6–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8042811/
  • Vijayavenkataraman S. Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: A review on design, materials and fabrication methods. Acta Biomater [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1 [cited 2024 Jun 7];106:54–69. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32044456/
  • Alvites R, Rita Caseiro A, Santos Pedrosa S, Vieira Branquinho M, Ronchi G, Geuna S, et al. Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances. Cogent Med [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 7];5(1):1466404. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1466404
  • Wang ML, Rivlin M, Graham JG, Beredjiklian PK. Peripheral nerve injury, scarring, and recovery. Connect Tissue Res [Internet]. 2019 Jan 2 [cited 2024 Jun 7];60(1):3–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2018.1489381
  • Lopes B, Sousa P, Alvites R, Branquinho M, Sousa AC, Mendonça C, et al. Peripheral Nerve Injury Treatments and Advances: One Health Perspective. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2).
  • Carroll SL, Worley SH. Wallerian Degeneration. Curated Ref Collect Neurosci Biobehav Psychol. 2017 Jan 1;485–91.
  • Huntley JS. Neurapraxia and not neuropraxia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg [Internet]. 2014 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Jun 10];67(3):430–1. Available from: http://www.jprasurg.com/article/S174868151300555X/fulltext
  • Hussain G, Wang J, Rasul A, Anwar H, Qasim M, Zafar S, et al. Current status of therapeutic approaches against peripheral nerve injuries: A detailed story from injury to recovery. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(1):116–34.
  • Geuna, S., Fornaro, M., Raimondo, S., & Giacobini-Robecchi MG. Plasticity and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 10]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21072996/
  • Bootz F. [Axonotmesis]. HNO [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2024 Jun 10];48(3):235–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768117/
  • Ohana M, Quijano-Roy S, Colas F, Lebreton C, Vallée C, Carlier RY. Axonotmesis of the sciatic nerve. Diagn Interv Imaging [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jun 10];93(5):398–400. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22542206/
  • Dubový P, Klusáková I, Hradilová Svíženská I. Inflammatory Profiling of Schwann Cells in Contact with Growing Axons Distal to Nerve Injury. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 10];2014. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4022316/
  • Seddon HJ. A Classification of Nerve Injuries. Br Med J [Internet]. 1942 [cited 2024 Jun 10];2(4260):237. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20784403/
  • Seddon HJ. THREE TYPES OF NERVE INJURY. Brain [Internet]. 1943 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Jun 10];66(4):237–88. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/66.4.237
  • Tubbs RS, Rizk E, Shoja MM, Loukas M, Barbaro N, Spinner RJ. Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Nerves Nerve Inj [Internet]. 2015 Apr 23 [cited 2024 Jun 10];1:1–673. Available from: https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/nerves-and-nerve-injuries
  • Houschyar KS, Momeni A, Pyles MN, Cha JY, Maan ZN, Duscher D, et al. The Role of Current Techniques and Concepts in Peripheral Nerve Repair. Plast Surg Int [Internet]. 2016 Jan 20 [cited 2024 Jun 10];2016:1–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26904282/
  • Zuniga JR, Radwan AM. Classification of Nerve Injuries. Trigeminal Nerve Inj. 2013 Jan 1;17–25.
  • Flores A, Lavernia C, Owens P. Anatomy and physiology of peripheral nerve injury and repair. Am J Orthop. 2000;
  • Deumens R, Bozkurt A, Meek MF, Marcus MAE, Joosten EAJ, Weis J, et al. Repairing injured peripheral nerves: Bridging the gap. Prog Neurobiol [Internet]. 2010 Nov [cited 2024 Jun 10];92(3):245–76. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20950667/
  • Pfister BJ, Gordon T, Loverde JR, Kochar AS, Mackinnon SE, Kacy Cullen D. Biomedical engineering strategies for peripheral nerve repair: surgical applications, state of the art, and future challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2024 Jun 10];39(2):81–124. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21488817/
  • Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Peripheral nerve injury and repair. J Am Acad Orthop Surg [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2024 Jun 10];8(4):243–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10951113/
  • Loewenstein SN, Adkinson JM. Tendon Transfers for Peripheral Nerve Palsies. Clin Plast Surg [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];46(3):307–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31103075/
  • Wolford LM, Stevao ELL. Considerations in nerve repair. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) [Internet]. 2003 Apr [cited 2024 Jun 10];16(2):152. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC1201001/
  • Gaudin R, Knipfer C, Henningsen A, Smeets R, Heiland M, Hadlock T. Approaches to Peripheral Nerve Repair: Generations of Biomaterial Conduits Yielding to Replacing Autologous Nerve Grafts in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Jun 13];2016. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27556032/
  • Grinsell D, Keating CP. Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: a review of clinical and experimental therapies. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 13];2014. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25276813/
  • Griffin MF, Malahias M, Hindocha S, Wasim SK. Peripheral nerve injury: principles for repair and regeneration. Open Orthop J [Internet]. 2014 Jul 17 [cited 2024 Jun 13];8(1):199–203. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25067975/
  • Trehan SK, Model Z, Lee SK. Nerve Repair and Nerve Grafting. Hand Clin [Internet]. 2016 May 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];32(2):119–25. Available from: http://www.hand.theclinics.com/article/S0749071215001535/fulltext
  • Moore AM, MacEwan M, Santosa KB, Chenard KE, Ray WZ, Hunter DA, et al. Acellular nerve allografts in peripheral nerve regeneration: a comparative study. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2024 Jun 13];44(2):221–34. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21660979/
  • Isaacs JE, Drinane JJ. Nerve Allografts: Current Utility and Future Directions. Hand Clin [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 13];0(0). Available from: http://www.hand.theclinics.com/article/S0749071224000246/fulltext
  • Millesi H. Bridging defects: autologous nerve grafts. Acta Neurochir Suppl [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2024 Jun 13];100:37–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17985542/
  • Hess JR, Brenner MJ, Fox IK, Nichols CM, Myckatyn TM, Hunter DA, et al. Use of cold-preserved allografts seeded with autologous Schwann cells in the treatment of a long-gap peripheral nerve injury. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2024 Jun 13];119(1):246–59. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17255680/
  • Squintani G, Bonetti B, Paolin A, Vici D, Cogliati E, Murer B, et al. Nerve regeneration across cryopreserved allografts from cadaveric donors: a novel approach for peripheral nerve reconstruction. J Neurosurg [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2024 Jun 13];119(4):907–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23889141/
  • Moore AM. Nerve Transfers to Restore upper Extremity Function: A Paradigm Shift. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 13];5. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3978351/
  • Tung TH, Mackinnon SE. Nerve Transfers: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. J Hand Surg Am. 2010 Feb 1;35(2):332–41.
  • Poppler LH, Wood MD, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE, Moore AM. A Reverse End-to-Side Sensory Nerve Transfer Preserves Muscle Mass. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2014 Oct [cited 2024 Jun 13];134:39–40. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/fulltext/2014/10001/a_reverse_end_to_side_sensory_nerve_transfer.59.aspx
  • Karamanos E, Rakitin I, Dream S, Siddiqui A. Nerve Transfer Surgery for Penetrating Upper Extremity Injuries. Perm J [Internet]. 2018 Apr 9 [cited 2024 Jun 13];22. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29702048/
  • Griffin JW, Hogan MC V., Chhabra AB, Deal DN. Peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am [Internet]. 2013 Dec 4 [cited 2024 Jun 11];95(23):2144–51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24306702/
  • Ramachandran S, Midha R. Recent advances in nerve repair. Neurol India [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 10];67(Supplement):S106–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30688243/
  • Orgel MG, Terzis JK. Epineurial vs. perineurial repair. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 1977 [cited 2024 Jun 11];60(1):80–91. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20607943/
  • Wolford LM, Rodrigues DB. Nerve grafts and conduits. Trigeminal Nerve Inj [Internet]. 2013 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];271–90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-35539-4_16
  • Muheremu A, Ao Q. Past, Present, and Future of Nerve Conduits in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injury. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Jun 11];2015. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26491662/
  • Nugent AG, Askari M. Epineurial Repair. Oper Dictations Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2017 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];501–2. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40631-2_126
  • Bhatnagar D, Bushman JS, Murthy NS, Merolli A, Kaplan HM, Kohn J. Fibrin glue as a stabilization strategy in peripheral nerve repair when using porous nerve guidance conduits. J Mater Sci Mater Med [Internet]. 2017 May 1 [cited 2024 Jun 11];28(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389905/
  • Mafi P, Hindocha S, Dhital M, Saleh M. Advances of peripheral nerve repair techniques to improve hand function: a systematic review of literature. Open Orthop J [Internet]. 2012 Feb 28 [cited 2024 Jun 11];6(1):60–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431951/
  • Sunderland S. The pros and cons of funicular nerve repair. J Hand Surg Am. 1979 May 1;4(3):201–11.
  • Riley DA, Lang DH. Carbonic anhydrase activity of human peripheral nerves: A possible histochemical aid to nerve repair. J Hand Surg Am. 1984 Jan 1;9(1):112–20.
  • Chow N, Miears H, Cox C, MacKay B. Fibrin Glue and Its Alternatives in Peripheral Nerve Repair. Ann Plast Surg [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 14];86(1):103–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/annalsplasticsurgery/fulltext/2021/01000/fibrin_glue_and_its_alternatives_in_peripheral.21.aspx
  • Sameem M, Wood TJ, Bain JR. A systematic review on the use of fibrin glue for peripheral nerve repair. Plast Reconstr Surg [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2024 Jun 13];127(6):2381–90. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21311390/
  • Koulaxouzidis G, Reim G, Witzel C. Fibrin glue repair leads to enhanced axonal elongation during early peripheral nerve regeneration in an in vivo mouse model. Neural Regen Res [Internet]. 2015 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];10(7):1166. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4541252/
  • Barros LC, Ferreira RS, Barraviera SRCS, Stolf HO, Thomazini-Santos IA, Mendes-Giannini MJS, et al. A new fibrin sealant from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom: applications in medicine. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2024 Jun 13];12(8):553–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20183534/
  • Biscola NP, Cartarozzi LP, Ulian-Benitez S, Barbizan R, Castro MV, Spejo AB, et al. Multiple uses of fibrin sealant for nervous system treatment following injury and disease. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2017 Mar 14 [cited 2024 Jun 14];23(1). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5348778/
  • Chen FM, Liu X. Advancing biomaterials of human origin for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci. 2016 Feb 1;53:86–168.
  • Isaacs J, Browne T. Overcoming short gaps in peripheral nerve repair: conduits and human acellular nerve allograft. Hand (N Y) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 14];9(2):131. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4022952/
  • Ulery BD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys [Internet]. 2011 Jun 15 [cited 2024 Jun 14];49(12):832–64. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/polb.22259
  • Arslantunali D, Dursun T, Yucel D, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. Peripheral nerve conduits: technology update. Med Devices (Auckl) [Internet]. 2014 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Jun 14];7:405–24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25489251/
  • Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: Biomaterial mediated neural regeneration. J Biomed Sci [Internet]. 2009 Nov 25 [cited 2024 Jun 14];16(1):1–11. Available from: https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1423-0127-16-108
  • Sayad S, Zaminy A. Stem cell therapy for nerve injury. World J Stem Cells [Internet]. 2017 Sep 9 [cited 2024 Jun 14];9(9):144. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5620423/
  • Rodrigues MCO, Rodrigues AA, Glover LE, Voltarelli J, Borlongan C V. Peripheral nerve repair with cultured schwann cells: getting closer to the clinics. ScientificWorldJournal [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jun 14];2012. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22701355/
  • Hsu YC, Chen SL, Wang DY, Chiu IM. Stem cell-based therapy in neural repair. Biomed J [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2024 Jun 14];36(3):98–105. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23806879/
  • TERENGHI G. Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors. J Anat [Internet]. 1999 Jan [cited 2024 Jun 14];194 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):1–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10227662/
  • Assen LS, Jongsma KR, Isasi R, Tryfonidou MA, Bredenoord AL. Recognizing the ethical implications of stem cell research: A call for broadening the scope. Stem Cell Reports [Internet]. 2021 Jul 7 [cited 2024 Jun 14];16(7):1656. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8282461/
  • Maris JM, Matthay KK. Molecular biology of neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2024 Jun 14];17(7):2264–79. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10561284/
  • Ishii T, Eto K. Fetal stem cell transplantation: Past, present, and future. World J Stem Cells [Internet]. 2014 Sep 9 [cited 2024 Jun 14];6(4):404. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4172669/
  • Widgerow AD, Salibian AA, Kohan E, Sartiniferreira T, Afzel H, Tham T, et al. “Strategic sequences” in adipose-derived stem cell nerve regeneration. Microsurgery [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 14];34(4):324–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24375471/
  • Dai R, Hua W, Xie H, Chen W, Xiong L, Li L. The Human Skin-Derived Precursors for Regenerative Medicine: Current State, Challenges, and Perspectives. Stem Cells Int [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Jun 14];2018. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6079335/
  • Hejazian LB, Akbarnejad Z, Ghoroghi FM, Esmaeilzade B, Chaibakhsh S. Augmenting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Jun 14];13(1):57–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36589026/
  • Herberts CA, Kwa MSG, Hermsen HPH. Risk factors in the development of stem cell therapy. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2011 Mar 22 [cited 2024 Jun 14];9:29. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3070641/
  • Cintrón JAA, Hunter DA, Schellhardt L, Pan D, Mackinnon SE, Wood MD. Limited Nerve Regeneration across Acellular Nerve Allografts (ANAs) Coincides with Changes in Blood Vessel Morphology and the Development of a Pro-Inflammatory Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2024, Vol 25, Page 6413 [Internet]. 2024 Jun 11 [cited 2024 Jun 13];25(12):6413. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/12/6413/htm
  • Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials [Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2024 Jun 13];32(12):3233. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3084613/
  • Kim BS, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Peripheral nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts. J Biomed Mater Res A [Internet]. 2004 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Jun 13];68(2):201–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14704961/
  • Fan L, Yu Z, Li J, Dang X, Wang K. Schwann-like cells seeded in acellular nerve grafts improve nerve regeneration. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2014 May 21 [cited 2024 Jun 13];15(1):1–11. Available from: https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-15-165
There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Peripheral Nervous System
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Sahar Ebrahem Orif 0000-0002-4159-0196

Yiğit Uyanıkgil 0000-0002-4016-0522

Publication Date September 9, 2024
Submission Date June 14, 2024
Acceptance Date July 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 63 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Ebrahem Orif S, Uyanıkgil Y. Peripheral Nerve Injuries: The Recent Surgical Management Strategies. EJM. 2024;63(3):487-500.