Research Article
Denetimli serbestlik tedbiri bulunan metamfetamin kullanıcılarının saldırganlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmada madde kullanım davranışı ile ilgili takip ve tedavi sürecinde önemli bir yere sahip olan denetimli serbestlik müdürlüklerinde, metamfetamin kullanıcılarının özelliklerini ortaya koyarak saldırganlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve metamfetamin kullanımı ile ilişkin faktörlerin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı kesitsel desendeki bu araştırmanın örneklemini 200 (27 kadın, 173 erkek) yetişkin yükümlü oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada yükümlülerin kişisel ve kriminolojik bilgilerini içeren bilgi formu, Bağımlılık Profil İndeksi (BAPİ) ve Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği (BPSÖ) kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Veriler değerlendirilirken tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Metamfetamin kullanımı olan yükümlülerin yaş ortalaması 32,32 ± 8,41 (K:30,07±7,14; E:32,67±8,55) olup %52,5’i bekâr, %39,5’i ortaokul mezunu olduğu, %36,5’inin travmatik olay geçmişinin (deprem, şiddet, ölüm vb.) olduğu, %33’ünün birden fazla denetimli serbestlik tedbirinin bulunduğu, %39’unun ceza infaz kurumu öyküsünün olduğu, %68,5’inin ailesinin, %71’inin arkadaşının denetimli serbestlik tedbirinin bulunduğu, %18’inin intihar girişiminin olduğu ve %39’unun kendine zarar verme davranışının bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Metamfetamin kullanımı olan yükümlülerin bağımlılık özellikleri incelendiğinde %40’ının 1-5 yıldır madde kullandığı, %64,5’inin ise çoklu madde kullanımı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Yükümlülerin toplam saldırganlık puan ortalamaları 76,36±20,47; BAPİ toplam puan ortalamalarının ise 9,08 ±3,99 olduğu ve %86,5’inin yüksek bağımlılık şiddetinde riskli kullanımının olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada hipotezleri test etmek için pearson korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucuna göre yükümlülerin saldırganlık ve bağımlılık düzeyleri arasında orta düzeyde pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Metamfetamin kullanıcıların özellikleri ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin denetimli serbestlik sürecinde yürütülen iyileştirme faaliyetlerinin odağında tutulması denetimli serbestlik uygulamalarının başarısının arttırılmasında ve madde kullanımının azaltılmasında etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
References
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- Wodahl EJ, Ogle R, Kadleck C, Gerow KG. Offender perceptions of graduated sanctions. Crime Delinquency. 2009;59(8):1185-1210. doi: 10.1177/0011128709333725.
- Öner MZ. The offences of manufacturing, importing and exporting narcotic substances in the Turkish Penal Code. J TBB. 2010;88:106-150.
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- Resmi Gazete. Türk Ceza Kanunu (2004). 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu 191. madde (Değişik: 18/06/2014 - 6545/68 md.). Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi; 2004.
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- Romann V, Illgen M, Derungs A, Klukowska‐Rötzler J, Ricklin ME, Exadaktylos AK, Liakoni E. Presentations with reported methamphetamine use to an urban emergency department in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(5152). doi: 10.4414/smw.2021.w30099.
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- Altuner D., Engin N., Gürer C., Akyay İ., Akgül A. Substance Use and Crime Relationship: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medical Research Journal: 2009;7(2):87-94.
- Coccaro EF, Fridberg DJ, Fanning JR, Grant JE, King AC, Lee R. Substance use disorders: relationship with intermittent explosive disorder and with aggression, anger, and impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;81:127-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.011.
- Foulds JA, Boden JM, McKetin R, et al. Methamphetamine use and violence: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;207:107826.
- McKetin R, McLaren J, Lubman DI, Hides L. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction. 2006;101:1473-1478. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.
- Sommers I, Baskin D. Methamphetamine use and violence. J Drug Issues. 2006;36(1):77-96. doi: 10.1177/002204260603600104.
- Degenhardt L, Sara G, McKetin R, Roxburgh A, Dobbins T, Farrell M, et al. Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine-related harms in Australia: methamphetamine use and harms in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2017;36:160-170. doi: 10.1111/dar.12426.
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- Eryalçın T, Karataş M. Investigation of the relationship between self-reflection and insight levels and social problem-solving skills of probation specialists. Community Soc Work. 2023;34(1):1-18. doi: 10.33417/tsh.1056704.
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- Ince H. According to the people who use cannabis who are given treatment decision with probation measure; investigation of socio-demographic characteristics, mental states and resilience relationship according to people who do not use drugs (Aksaray province sample) [Master's thesis]. Istanbul: Beykent University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology; 2016.
- Buss A, Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63(3):452-459.
- Madran D. Validity and reliability study of the Turkish form of Buss-Perry aggression scale. Turk J Psychol. 2012;24(2):1-6. doi: 10.5080/u6859.
- Ögel K, Evren C, Karadağ F, Gürol T. Development, validity, and reliability of the Addiction Profile Index (API). Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2012;23(4):264-273.
- Sehlikoğlu Ö, Özkan Ş, Sehlikoglu S, Egilmez OB, Kafadar H. Evaluation of the socio-demographic, clinical, and criminal characteristics of individuals with probation due to substance use. Bull Legal Med. 2022;27(1):42-51. doi: 10.17986/blm.1541.
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- Yazıcı AB, Guzel D, Kurt EM, Turkmen B, Yazıcı E. Klotho, BDNF, NGF, GDNF levels and related factors in withdrawal period in chronic cannabinoid users. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2022;37(2):139-148. doi: 10.1007/s12291-021-00959-0.
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- Turhan E, İnandı T, Özer C, Akoğlu S. Substance use, violence and some psychological characteristics in university students. Turk J Public Health. 2011;9(1):33-44. doi: 10.20518/tjph.173053.
- Aydoğan R. Investigation of convicts in the post-prison probation process in the context of crime, stigma and social exclusion [Master's thesis]. Istanbul: Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Institute of Social Sciences; 2018.
- Dağdelen G. Repetition of offence in probation obliged in Ankara province [Doctoral thesis]. Ankara: Hacettepe University, Institute of Social Sciences; 2017.
- General Directorate of Security, Department of Combating Narcotic Crimes. Turkey drug report 2021. Ankara: T.C. Ministry of Interior; 2023.
- Maruschak LM, Bonczar TP. Probation and parole in the United States, 2012. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2013.
- Levin FR, Brooks DJ, Bisaga A, Raby W, Rubin E, Aharonovich E, Nunes EV. Severity of dependence and motivation for treatment: comparison of marijuana- and cocaine-dependent treatment seekers. J Addict Dis. 2006;25(1):33-41. doi: 10.1300/J069v25n01_06.
- Osborne C, Berger LM. Parental substance abuse and child well-being: A consideration of parents' gender and coresidence. J Fam Issues. 2009;30(3):341-370. doi: 10.1177/0192513x08326225.
- Price JP. Cognitive schemas, defence mechanisms and post‐traumatic stress symptomatology. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2007;80(3):343-353. doi: 10.1348/147608306X144178.
- Gomez MA. Testing the cycle of violence hypothesis: child abuse and adolescent dating violence as predictors of intimate partner violence in young adulthood. Young Soc. 2011;43(1):171-192.
- Akan, Y., & Kıran, B. (2019). Şiddeti Azaltma Psiko-eğitim Programı’nın (ŞAPP) Eşine Şiddet Uygulayan Erkeklerin Saldırganlık, Duygu Yönetimi ve İlişki Özyeterlik Düzeylerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 31-65. https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2019153601
- Ekinci S, Kural HU, Yalçınay M. Anger level in patients with substance addiction; relationship with addiction profile, depression, and anxiety level. J Depend. 2016;17(1):12-17. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2016.20592.
Year 2025,
Volume: 64 Issue: 2, 209 - 222, 10.06.2025
Abstract
Aim: The use of methamphetamine is a global health concern that profoundly impacts individual well-being, potentially resulting in severe health consequences and mortality. Probation, a prevalent legal substitute for imprisonment, is essential in the oversight and rehabilitation of methamphetamine-related probationers. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of methamphetamine users and assess their aggression levels.
Materials and Methods: The sample for this descriptive cross-sectional study comprises 200 adult probationers (27 females, 173 males). The study utilized personal and criminological information forms, the Addiction Profile Index (API), and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ).
Results: The mean age of the probationers was 32.32 ± 8.41 years (Female: 30.07 ± 7.14; Male: 32.67 ± 8.55). It was determined that 52.5% were unmarried, 36.5% had experienced traumatic events (including earthquakes, violence, or death), 39% had a history of incarceration, 18% had attempted suicide, and 39% exhibited self-injurious behaviors. Upon analyzing the addiction profiles of probationers, it was shown that 40% had engaged in drug use for a duration of 1 to 5 years, while 64.5% exhibited polydrug usage. The average overall aggressiveness score of probationers was 76.36±20.47, whereas the average total API score was 9.08±3.99. The correlation study indicated a somewhat positive and statistically significant association between probationers' levels of hostility and addiction (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Acknowledging the traits of methamphetamine users and their aggression levels during probation may enhance the efficacy of probation practices and aid in diminishing drug consumption.
Keywords
References
- Uzbay İT. Substance addiction: Addiction and addictive substances in all its dimensions. Istanbul: Istanbul Medical Bookstore; 2015.
- Mayes LC. Reframing caring for parents who struggle with substance-use disorders. Infant Ment Health J. 2023;44(2):284-289. doi: 10.1002/imhj.22052.
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European drug report 2017: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2017.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2012. Vienna: United Nations; 2013.
- Kittirattanapaiboon P, Mahatnirunkul S, Booncharoen H, Thummawong P, Dumrongchai U, Chutha W. Long-term outcomes in methamphetamine psychosis after first hospitalization. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010;29:456-461.
- Grant KM, LeVan TD, Wells SM, Li M, Stoltenberg SF, Gendelman HE, Bevins RA. Methamphetamine-associated psychosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2011;7(1):113-139. doi: 10.1007/s11481-011-9288-1.
- Wodahl EJ, Ogle R, Kadleck C, Gerow KG. Offender perceptions of graduated sanctions. Crime Delinquency. 2009;59(8):1185-1210. doi: 10.1177/0011128709333725.
- Öner MZ. The offences of manufacturing, importing and exporting narcotic substances in the Turkish Penal Code. J TBB. 2010;88:106-150.
- Foulds J, Nutt D. Principled sentencing for drug supply offences: revised methamphetamine sentencing guidelines in New Zealand. Drug Sci Policy Law. 2020;6:205032452094234. doi: 10.1177/2050324520942347.
- Wodahl EJ, Ogle R, Heck C. Revocation trends: a threat to the legitimacy of community-based corrections. Prison J. 2011;91(2):207-226.
- Resmi Gazete. Türk Ceza Kanunu (2004). 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu 191. madde (Değişik: 18/06/2014 - 6545/68 md.). Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi; 2004.
- Kamer VK. New era probation in rehabilitation of substance addicts. Sesleniş Mag. 2010;(83):15-20.
- Romann V, Illgen M, Derungs A, Klukowska‐Rötzler J, Ricklin ME, Exadaktylos AK, Liakoni E. Presentations with reported methamphetamine use to an urban emergency department in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151(5152). doi: 10.4414/smw.2021.w30099.
- Watt MH, Meade CS, Kimani S, et al. The impact of methamphetamine (tik) on a peri-urban community in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(2):219-225. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.007.
- Hashisha R, Hassan H, Ali S. Crystal methamphetamine abuse among patients attending Ismailia Mental Health Clinic: aggressive behavior and psychiatric comorbidity. Ain Shams J Forensic Med Clin Toxicol. 2022;39(2):48-55. doi: 10.21608/ajfm.2022.249591.
- Altuner D., Engin N., Gürer C., Akyay İ., Akgül A. Substance Use and Crime Relationship: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medical Research Journal: 2009;7(2):87-94.
- Coccaro EF, Fridberg DJ, Fanning JR, Grant JE, King AC, Lee R. Substance use disorders: relationship with intermittent explosive disorder and with aggression, anger, and impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;81:127-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.011.
- Foulds JA, Boden JM, McKetin R, et al. Methamphetamine use and violence: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;207:107826.
- McKetin R, McLaren J, Lubman DI, Hides L. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction. 2006;101:1473-1478. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.
- Sommers I, Baskin D. Methamphetamine use and violence. J Drug Issues. 2006;36(1):77-96. doi: 10.1177/002204260603600104.
- Degenhardt L, Sara G, McKetin R, Roxburgh A, Dobbins T, Farrell M, et al. Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine-related harms in Australia: methamphetamine use and harms in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2017;36:160-170. doi: 10.1111/dar.12426.
- Karakaya F. Investigation of social anxiety levels and self-efficacy perception of people subjected to probation measures (the case of Istanbul-Bakırköy district). J Soc Sci. 2022. doi: 10.29228/SOBIDER.58080.
- Eryalçın T, Karataş M. Investigation of the relationship between self-reflection and insight levels and social problem-solving skills of probation specialists. Community Soc Work. 2023;34(1):1-18. doi: 10.33417/tsh.1056704.
- Babahanoğlu R. Investigation of the relationship between stigmatisation and family belonging in adult men subjected to probation due to substance use [PhD thesis]. Konya: Selçuk University, Institute of Health Sciences; 2020.
- Ince H. According to the people who use cannabis who are given treatment decision with probation measure; investigation of socio-demographic characteristics, mental states and resilience relationship according to people who do not use drugs (Aksaray province sample) [Master's thesis]. Istanbul: Beykent University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology; 2016.
- Buss A, Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63(3):452-459.
- Madran D. Validity and reliability study of the Turkish form of Buss-Perry aggression scale. Turk J Psychol. 2012;24(2):1-6. doi: 10.5080/u6859.
- Ögel K, Evren C, Karadağ F, Gürol T. Development, validity, and reliability of the Addiction Profile Index (API). Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2012;23(4):264-273.
- Sehlikoğlu Ö, Özkan Ş, Sehlikoglu S, Egilmez OB, Kafadar H. Evaluation of the socio-demographic, clinical, and criminal characteristics of individuals with probation due to substance use. Bull Legal Med. 2022;27(1):42-51. doi: 10.17986/blm.1541.
- Örüm MH, Kara MZ, Egilmez OB, Özen ME, Kalenderoğlu A. Evaluation of probation implementations of drug users in Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital: a one-year retrospective study. Med Sci Int Med J. 2018. doi: 10.5455/MEDSCIENCE.2018.07.8846.
- Yazıcı AB, Guzel D, Kurt EM, Turkmen B, Yazıcı E. Klotho, BDNF, NGF, GDNF levels and related factors in withdrawal period in chronic cannabinoid users. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2022;37(2):139-148. doi: 10.1007/s12291-021-00959-0.
- Anderson CE, Loomis GA. Recognition and prevention of inhalant abuse. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):869-874.
- Turhan E, İnandı T, Özer C, Akoğlu S. Substance use, violence and some psychological characteristics in university students. Turk J Public Health. 2011;9(1):33-44. doi: 10.20518/tjph.173053.
- Aydoğan R. Investigation of convicts in the post-prison probation process in the context of crime, stigma and social exclusion [Master's thesis]. Istanbul: Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Institute of Social Sciences; 2018.
- Dağdelen G. Repetition of offence in probation obliged in Ankara province [Doctoral thesis]. Ankara: Hacettepe University, Institute of Social Sciences; 2017.
- General Directorate of Security, Department of Combating Narcotic Crimes. Turkey drug report 2021. Ankara: T.C. Ministry of Interior; 2023.
- Maruschak LM, Bonczar TP. Probation and parole in the United States, 2012. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2013.
- Levin FR, Brooks DJ, Bisaga A, Raby W, Rubin E, Aharonovich E, Nunes EV. Severity of dependence and motivation for treatment: comparison of marijuana- and cocaine-dependent treatment seekers. J Addict Dis. 2006;25(1):33-41. doi: 10.1300/J069v25n01_06.
- Osborne C, Berger LM. Parental substance abuse and child well-being: A consideration of parents' gender and coresidence. J Fam Issues. 2009;30(3):341-370. doi: 10.1177/0192513x08326225.
- Price JP. Cognitive schemas, defence mechanisms and post‐traumatic stress symptomatology. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2007;80(3):343-353. doi: 10.1348/147608306X144178.
- Gomez MA. Testing the cycle of violence hypothesis: child abuse and adolescent dating violence as predictors of intimate partner violence in young adulthood. Young Soc. 2011;43(1):171-192.
- Akan, Y., & Kıran, B. (2019). Şiddeti Azaltma Psiko-eğitim Programı’nın (ŞAPP) Eşine Şiddet Uygulayan Erkeklerin Saldırganlık, Duygu Yönetimi ve İlişki Özyeterlik Düzeylerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 31-65. https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2019153601
- Ekinci S, Kural HU, Yalçınay M. Anger level in patients with substance addiction; relationship with addiction profile, depression, and anxiety level. J Depend. 2016;17(1):12-17. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2016.20592.
There are 43 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Subtance Abuse |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 10, 2025 |
| Submission Date | October 21, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | January 24, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Volume: 64 Issue: 2 |
