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Çin ve dünyada mesleki kadmiyum maruziyetinden sonra trakea, bronş ve akciğer kanseri ölüm oranlarının karşılaştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 64 Issue: 3, 548 - 556, 08.09.2025

İbrahim Demir

https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1635649

Abstract

Amaç: Kadmiyum, insanlar için kanserojen olan ağır metal bir kirleticidir. Maruz kalım öncelikle yutma ve solunum yoluyla gerçekleşir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) mesleki hastalık yükü uygulama aracını kullanarak 2000, 2010 ve 2016 yıllarında Çin’de ve küresel düzeyde kadmiyuma maruz kalıma bağlı ölüm oranlarını, Engelliliğe Ayarlanmış Yaşam Yılları’nı (DALY) ve nüfusa atfedilebilir oranları (%) inceledik.
Bulgular: Çin’de yıllar içerisinde kadmiyuma mesleki maruz kalım nedeniyle bronş, trakea ve akciğer kanserlerine bağlı ölüm oranında (100.000 kişide) bir azalma görülmemiş olup maruz kalıma bağlı ölüm oranı hala yüksektir. En son 2016 yılı verisine göre Çin’deki ölüm oranı (100.000 kişide) (,4269) dünya ortalamasına (,2002) göre yüksek olmasına rağmen; ölüm oranının (100.000 kişide) Avrupa (,4650) ile benzer, ancak Afrika (44,9514), Amerika (30,0927), Doğu Akdeniz (12,5471), Güneydoğu Pasifik (14,4381) ve Batı Pasifik (201,1176) bölgelerindeki ölüm oranlarından düşük olduğu belirlendi (p<,05). Yapılan karşılaştırmalar sonucunda kadmiyuma maruz kalıma bağlı olarak DALY sayısının (1000’ler halinde) yıllar içerisinde arttığı görülmektedir (2000: 3,82, 2010: 4,95, 2016: 5,55). DALY sayısının (1000'ler halinde) yıllar içerisinde anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdiği belirlendi (p<,05). Ölüm oranları (100.000 kişide) yıllar içinde azalmaktadır (2000: 79,7906, 2010: 49,3388, 2016: 41,4298) (p<,05).
Sonuç: Hızla artan sanayileşme nedeniyle kadmiyuma maruz kalıma bağlı morbidite ve mortalite oranları halen yüksektir.

Keywords

Çin kanser mortalite kadmiyuma mesleki maruz kalım DSÖ

Ethical Statement

Makalemde açık kaynak veri kullandığım için etik kurul onayına gerek yoktur.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma için herhangi bir maddi destek alınmamıştır.

Thanks

İlgili verileri sağladığı için Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'ne (DSÖ) teşekkür ederim.

References

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  • Peana M, Pelucelli A, Chasapis CT, Perlepes SP, Bekiari V, Medici S, et al. Biological effects of human exposure to environmental cadmium. Biomol. 2022;13(1):36.
  • Person RJ, Tokar EJ, Xu Y, Orihuela R, Ngalame NNO, Waalkes MP. Chronic cadmium exposure in vitro induces cancer cell characteristics in human lung cells. Toxic and Applied Pharm. 2013;273(2):281-8.
  • Werynska B, Pula B, Kobierzycki C, Dziegiel P, & Podhorska-Okolow M. Metallothioneins in the lung cancer. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2015;53(1):1-10.
  • Wang Y, Shi L, Li J, Wang H, Yang H. The roles of TG-interacting factor in cadmium exposure-promoted invasion and migration of lung cancer cells. Toxic in Vitro. 2019;61:104630.
  • Lee J, Shin DY, Jang Y, Han JP, Cho EM, & Seo YR. Cadmium-induced Carcinogenesis in Respiratory Organs and the Prostate: Insights from Three Perspectives on Toxicogenomic Approach. J of Cancer Preven. 2023;28(4):150.
  • Zheng L, Jiang YL, Fei J, Cao P, Zhang C, Xie GF, et al. Circulatory cadmium positively correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ecotoxic and Env Safety. 2021;215:112164.
  • Zhang Y, Mi M, Zhu N, Yuan Z, Ding Y, Zhao Y, et al. Global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer attributable to occupational carcinogens in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Annals of Med. 2023;55(1):2206672.
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  • Chen C, Xun P, Nishijo M, Carter S, He K. Cadmium exposure and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies among the general and occupational populations. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):25814.
  • Huff J, Lunn RM, Waalkes MP, Tomatis L, Infante PF. Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. Int J of Occup and Env Health. 2007;13(2):202-12.
  • DI A, El Mahdy N, Radwan N. Evaluation of health hazards among cadmium- exposed workers. Egyp J of Occup Med. 2009;33(2):233-51.
  • Nawrot TS, Martens DS, Hara A, Plusquin M, Vangronsveld J, Roels HA, et al. Association of total cancer and lung cancer with environmental exposure to cadmium: the meta-analytical evidence. Cancer Causes & Cont. 2015;26:1281-8.
  • Xiong R, Wu Q, Trbojevich R, Muskhelishvili L, Davis K, Bryant M, et al. Disease-related responses induced by cadmium in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Toxic Let. 2019;303:16-27.
  • Jiang YL, Fei J, Cao P, Zhang C, Tang MM, Cheng JY, et al. Serum cadmium positively correlates with inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Env Toxic. 2022;37(1):151-60.
  • Mirkov I, Aleksandrov AP, Ninkov M, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Zeljkovic M, et al. Immunotoxicology of cadmium: Cells of the immune system as targets and effectors of cadmium toxicity. Food and Chem Toxic. 2021;149:112026.
  • Tavakkoli L, Khanjani N. Environmental and occupational exposure to cadmium in Iran: a systematic review. Rev on Env Health. 2016;31(4):457-63.
  • Zwennis WC, Franssen AC. Assessment of occupational exposure to cadmium in the Netherlands, 1980–1989. American J of Indust Med. 1992;21(6):793-805.
  • Scarselli A, Corfiati M, DI MARZIO D, Marinaccio A. Occupational carcinogens in Italy: an overview on exposure to cadmium and its compounds. Indust Health. 2024;62(3):170-81.
  • Farahmandian P, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Fadaei A, Sadeghi R. Investigating the Relationship Between Exposure to Cadmium and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J of Health and Safety at Work. 2024;14(1):199-215.
  • Cetintepe SP, Iritas SB, Gunduzoz M, Alaguney ME, Wilson D, Bal C, et al. Relation between lung dysfunction and blood cadmium and lead levels among welders. Exp and Health. 2019;11:13-9.
  • Byber K, Lison D, Verougstraete V, Dressel H, & Hotz P. Cadmium or cadmium compounds and chronic kidney disease in workers and the general population: a systematic review. Critic Rev in Toxic. 2016;46(3):191-240.
  • Nordberg GF, Bernard A, Diamond GL, Duffus JH, Illing P, Nordberg M, et al. Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and App Chem. 2018;90(4):755-808.
  • Yuan CS, Lai CS, Chang-Chien GP, Tseng YL, & Cheng FJ. Kidney damage induced by repeated fine particulate matter exposure: Effects of different components. Sci of the Total Env. 2022;847:157528.
  • Hayat MT, Nauman M, Nazir N, Ali S, & Bangash N. Environmental hazards of cadmium: past, present, and future. In: Cad Toxic and Tolerance in Plants. Academic Press. 2019. p. 163-83.
  • Richter P, Faroon O, & Pappas RS. Cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related morbidities. Int J of Env Res and Pub Health. 2017;14(10):1154.

Comparison of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer mortality after occupational cadmium exposure in china and the world

Year 2025, Volume: 64 Issue: 3, 548 - 556, 08.09.2025

İbrahim Demir

https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1635649

Abstract

Aim: Cadmium is a heavy metal pollutant that is a human carcinogen. Exposure occurs primarily through ingestion and inhalation.
Materials and Methods: In our study, we examined the mortality rates, Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and population-attributable fraction (%) due to cadmium exposure in China and the world for the years 2000, 2010 and 2016 using the World Health Organization (WHO) occupational disease burden application tool.
Results: In China, the mortality rate (per 100,000 of population) due to occupational cadmium exposure due to bronchus, trachea and lung cancer has not decreased over the years, and the mortality rate due to exposure is still high. According to the latest 2016 data, although the death rate (per 100,000 of population) in China (.4269) is higher than the world (.2002) average; the death rate (per 100,000 of population) was determined to be similar to Europe (.4650), but lower than the death rates in Africa (44.9514), Americas (30.0927), Eastern Mediterranean (12.5471), South-East Pacific (14.4381) and Western Pacific (201.1176) regions (p<.05). As a result of the comparisons made, it is seen that the number (for DALYs in 1000s) due to cadmium exposure has increased over the years (2000: 3.82, 2010: 4.95, 2016: 5.55). It was determined that the number (for DALYs in 1000s) showed significant differences over the years (p<.05). Mortality rates (per 100,000 of population) have been decreasing over the years (2000: 79.7906, 2010: 49.3388, 2016: 41.4298) (p<.05).
Conclusion: Morbidity and mortality rates due to cadmium exposure remain high due to rapidly increasing industrialization.

Keywords

Cancer China mortality occupational cadmium exposure WHO

Ethical Statement

Since I use open source data in my article, there is no need for ethics committee approval.

Supporting Institution

No financial support was received for this study.

Thanks

I would like to thank the World Health Organization (WHO) for providing relevant data.

References

  • Khan Z, Elahi A, Bukhari DA, & Rehman A. Cadmium sources, toxicity, resistance and removal by microorganisms-A potential strategy for cadmium eradication. J of Saudi Chem Society. 2022;26(6):101569.
  • Peana M, Pelucelli A, Chasapis CT, Perlepes SP, Bekiari V, Medici S, et al. Biological effects of human exposure to environmental cadmium. Biomol. 2022;13(1):36.
  • Person RJ, Tokar EJ, Xu Y, Orihuela R, Ngalame NNO, Waalkes MP. Chronic cadmium exposure in vitro induces cancer cell characteristics in human lung cells. Toxic and Applied Pharm. 2013;273(2):281-8.
  • Werynska B, Pula B, Kobierzycki C, Dziegiel P, & Podhorska-Okolow M. Metallothioneins in the lung cancer. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2015;53(1):1-10.
  • Wang Y, Shi L, Li J, Wang H, Yang H. The roles of TG-interacting factor in cadmium exposure-promoted invasion and migration of lung cancer cells. Toxic in Vitro. 2019;61:104630.
  • Lee J, Shin DY, Jang Y, Han JP, Cho EM, & Seo YR. Cadmium-induced Carcinogenesis in Respiratory Organs and the Prostate: Insights from Three Perspectives on Toxicogenomic Approach. J of Cancer Preven. 2023;28(4):150.
  • Zheng L, Jiang YL, Fei J, Cao P, Zhang C, Xie GF, et al. Circulatory cadmium positively correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ecotoxic and Env Safety. 2021;215:112164.
  • Zhang Y, Mi M, Zhu N, Yuan Z, Ding Y, Zhao Y, et al. Global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer attributable to occupational carcinogens in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Annals of Med. 2023;55(1):2206672.
  • World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet]. Occupational Burden of Disease Application [updated 28 January 2025; cited 14 September 2024]. Available from: https://who-ilo-joint-estimates.shinyapps.io/OccupationalBurdenOfDisease/
  • Stayner L, Smith R, Thun M, Schnorr T, Lemen R. A dose-response analysis and quantitative assessment of lung cancer risk and occupational cadmium exposure. Annals of Epi. 1992;2(3):177-94.
  • Chen C, Xun P, Nishijo M, Carter S, He K. Cadmium exposure and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies among the general and occupational populations. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):25814.
  • Huff J, Lunn RM, Waalkes MP, Tomatis L, Infante PF. Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. Int J of Occup and Env Health. 2007;13(2):202-12.
  • DI A, El Mahdy N, Radwan N. Evaluation of health hazards among cadmium- exposed workers. Egyp J of Occup Med. 2009;33(2):233-51.
  • Nawrot TS, Martens DS, Hara A, Plusquin M, Vangronsveld J, Roels HA, et al. Association of total cancer and lung cancer with environmental exposure to cadmium: the meta-analytical evidence. Cancer Causes & Cont. 2015;26:1281-8.
  • Xiong R, Wu Q, Trbojevich R, Muskhelishvili L, Davis K, Bryant M, et al. Disease-related responses induced by cadmium in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Toxic Let. 2019;303:16-27.
  • Jiang YL, Fei J, Cao P, Zhang C, Tang MM, Cheng JY, et al. Serum cadmium positively correlates with inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Env Toxic. 2022;37(1):151-60.
  • Mirkov I, Aleksandrov AP, Ninkov M, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Zeljkovic M, et al. Immunotoxicology of cadmium: Cells of the immune system as targets and effectors of cadmium toxicity. Food and Chem Toxic. 2021;149:112026.
  • Tavakkoli L, Khanjani N. Environmental and occupational exposure to cadmium in Iran: a systematic review. Rev on Env Health. 2016;31(4):457-63.
  • Zwennis WC, Franssen AC. Assessment of occupational exposure to cadmium in the Netherlands, 1980–1989. American J of Indust Med. 1992;21(6):793-805.
  • Scarselli A, Corfiati M, DI MARZIO D, Marinaccio A. Occupational carcinogens in Italy: an overview on exposure to cadmium and its compounds. Indust Health. 2024;62(3):170-81.
  • Farahmandian P, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Fadaei A, Sadeghi R. Investigating the Relationship Between Exposure to Cadmium and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J of Health and Safety at Work. 2024;14(1):199-215.
  • Cetintepe SP, Iritas SB, Gunduzoz M, Alaguney ME, Wilson D, Bal C, et al. Relation between lung dysfunction and blood cadmium and lead levels among welders. Exp and Health. 2019;11:13-9.
  • Byber K, Lison D, Verougstraete V, Dressel H, & Hotz P. Cadmium or cadmium compounds and chronic kidney disease in workers and the general population: a systematic review. Critic Rev in Toxic. 2016;46(3):191-240.
  • Nordberg GF, Bernard A, Diamond GL, Duffus JH, Illing P, Nordberg M, et al. Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and App Chem. 2018;90(4):755-808.
  • Yuan CS, Lai CS, Chang-Chien GP, Tseng YL, & Cheng FJ. Kidney damage induced by repeated fine particulate matter exposure: Effects of different components. Sci of the Total Env. 2022;847:157528.
  • Hayat MT, Nauman M, Nazir N, Ali S, & Bangash N. Environmental hazards of cadmium: past, present, and future. In: Cad Toxic and Tolerance in Plants. Academic Press. 2019. p. 163-83.
  • Richter P, Faroon O, & Pappas RS. Cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related morbidities. Int J of Env Res and Pub Health. 2017;14(10):1154.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences (Other), Work and Occupational Diseases
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İbrahim Demir 0000-0003-3715-2844

Publication Date September 8, 2025
Submission Date February 7, 2025
Acceptance Date June 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 64 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Demir İ. Comparison of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer mortality after occupational cadmium exposure in china and the world. EJM. 2025;64(3):548-56.
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