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Nipah virüsü: Yaklaşan küresel sağlık sorunu

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 65 Sayı: 1, 185 - 193, 09.03.2026

Mohsina Shaik , Girish Jeer , Raika Durusoy , Pragnya Manaswini Durgavajjala , Siva Santosh Kumar Pentapati

https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1669468
https://izlik.org/JA34RT36FE

Öz

Nipah virüs (NiV) salgınları, toplum sağlığı üzerine yıkıcı sonuçlara yol açma potansiyeli nedeniyle küresel ilgi toplamıştır. 2025 yılında Kerala'da Nipah virüsü enfeksiyonundan kaynaklanan iki ölümün ardından ve Hindistan'da bugüne kadar bildirilen %69,4'lük genel vaka ölüm oranını (CFR) göz önünde bulundurarak, bu derleme makalesi, tarihsel geçmişini, epidemiyolojisini, bulaşma modellerini, klinik özelliklerini, tanı yaklaşımlarını, tedavi seçeneklerini, önleyici stratejileri ve güncel araştırma gelişmelerini kapsayan NiV salgınlarının kapsamlı bir analizini sunmaktadır. Başlıca meyve yarasalarından insanlara bulaşan zoonotik bir patojen olan Nipah virüsü, özellikle Güneydoğu Asya olmak üzere çeşitli bölgelerde kalıcı bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Geçmişte yaşanan salgınların ve alınan derslerin eleştirel bir değerlendirmesi ile bu derleme Nipah virüsünün daha iyi anlaşılmasını ve gelecekte olası salgınlara hazır bulunuşluk ve yanıt verme çabalarına katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nipah virüsü gözden geçirmek epidemiyoloji

Kaynakça

  • Nipah virus | WHO [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus
  • Nipah Virus (NiV) | CDC [Internet]. 2022. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html
  • World Health Organization. 2025. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Disease Outbreak News; Nipah virus infection – India. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON577
  • Uppal PK. Emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;916:354-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05312.x. PMID: 11193645.
  • Nipah virus infection - Bangladesh [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON442
  • Bureau TH. Suspected Nipah deaths: fever surveys under way in two places in Kozhikode. The Hindu [Internet]. 2023 Sep 12 [cited 2025 Sep 07]; Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/suspected-nipah-deaths-fever-surveys-under-way-in-two-places-in-kozhikode/article67298395.ece
  • Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.who.int/southeastasia/outbreaks-and-emergencies/health-emergency-information-risk-assessment/surveillance-and-risk-assessment/nipah-virus-outbreak-in-kerala
  • Ching PK, de Los Reyes VC, Sucaldito MN, Tayag E, Columna-Vingno AB, Malbas Jr FF, Bolo Jr GC, Sejvar JJ, Eagles D, Playford G, Dueger E. Outbreak of henipavirus infection, Philippines, 2014. Emerging infectious diseases. 2015 Feb;21(2):328.
  • Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala. NIPAH virus infection: guidelines for surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Kerala: Department of Health and Family Welfare; 2021 Sep 5.
  • Mehand MS, Al-Shorbaji F, Millett P, Murgue B. The WHO R&D Blueprint: 2018 review of emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development efforts. Antiviral Research. 2018 Nov 1;159:63–7.
  • National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Case definitions of Nipah virus disease. New Delhi: NCDC, MoHFW, GoI; 2024 Sep. Available from: https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Case-Definitions-of-NIPAH-Virus-Disease.pdf
  • Yadav PD, Raut CG, Shete AM, Mishra AC, Towner JS, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Detection of Nipah virus RNA in fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus) from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Sep;87(3):576-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0416. Epub 2012 Jul 16. PMID: 22802440; PMCID: PMC3435367.
  • Bruno L, Nappo MA, Ferrari L, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis. Animals. 2022 Dec 31;13(1):159.
  • Gurley ES, Hegde ST, Hossain K, Sazzad HMS, Hossain MJ, Rahman M, Sharker MAY, Salje H, Islam MS, Epstein JH, Khan SU, Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Luby SP. Convergence of Humans, Bats, Trees, and Culture in Nipah Virus Transmission, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Sep;23(9):1446-1453. doi: 10.3201/eid2309.161922. PMID: 28820130; PMCID: PMC5572889.
  • Yadav PD, Raut CG, Shete AM, Mishra AC, Towner JS, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Detection of Nipah virus RNA in fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus) from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Sep;87(3):576-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0416. Epub 2012 Jul 16. PMID: 22802440; PMCID: PMC3435367.
  • Mohd Nor MN, Gan CH, Ong BL. Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia. Rev Sci Tech. 2000 Apr;19(1):160-5. doi: 10.20506/rst.19.1.1202. PMID: 11189713.
  • Pulliam JR, Epstein JH, Dushoff J, Rahman SA, Bunning M, Jamaluddin AA, Hyatt AD, Field HE, Dobson AP, Daszak P; Henipavirus Ecology Research Group (HERG). Agricultural intensification, priming for persistence and the emergence of Nipah virus: a lethal bat-borne zoonosis. J R Soc Interface. 2012 Jan 7;9(66):89-101. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0223. Epub 2011 Jun 1. PMID: 21632614; PMCID: PMC3223631.
  • Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, Bell M, Azad AK, Islam MR, Molla MA, Carroll DS, Ksiazek TG, Rota PA, Lowe L, Comer JA, Rollin P, Czub M, Grolla A, Feldmann H, Luby SP, Woodward JL, Breiman RF. Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jul;13(7):1031-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1307.061128. PMID: 18214175; PMCID: PMC2878219.
  • Homaira N, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, Epstein JH, Sultana R, Khan MS, Podder G, Nahar K, Ahmed B, Gurley ES, Daszak P, Lipkin WI, Rollin PE, Comer JA, Ksiazek TG, Luby SP. Nipah virus outbreak with person-to-person transmission in a district of Bangladesh, 2007. Epidemiol Infect. 2010 Nov;138(11):1630-6. doi: 10.1017/S0950268810000695. Epub 2010 Apr 12. PMID: 20380769; PMCID: PMC10071638.
  • Luby SP, Gurley ES, Hossain MJ. TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN INFECTION WITH NIPAH VIRUS. In: Institute of Medicine (US). Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012. A11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114486/
  • Transmission | Nipah Virus (NiV) | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/transmission/index.html
  • Signs and Symptoms | Nipah Virus (NiV) | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/symptoms/index.html
  • Nikolay B, Salje H, Hossain MJ, Khan AD, Sazzad HM, Rahman M, Daszak P, Ströher U, Pulliam JR, Kilpatrick AM, Nichol ST. Transmission of Nipah virus—14 years of investigations in Bangladesh. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 May 9;380(19):1804-14.
  • Banerjee S, Gupta N, Kodan P, et al. Nipah virus disease: A rare and intractable disease. Intractable & rare diseases research. 2019 Feb 28;8(1):1-8.
  • Kumar CG, Sugunan AP, Yadav P, et al. Infections among contacts of patients with Nipah virus, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019 May;25(5):1007.
  • Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, et al. Clinical presentation of nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Apr 1;46(7):977-84. doi: 10.1086/529147. PMID: 18444812.
  • Abdullah S, Tan CT. Henipavirus encephalitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:663-70. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00032-8. PMID: 25015510.
  • Parashar UD, Sunn LM, Ong F, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia. J Infect Dis. 2000 May;181(5):1755-9. doi: 10.1086/315457. Epub 2000 May 15. PMID: 10823779.
  • Alam AM. Nipah virus, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis. Clinical Medicine. 2022 Jul;22(4):348.
  • Siva SR, Chong HT, Tan CT. Ten year clinical and serological outcomes of Nipah virus infection. Neurol Asia. 2009 Jun 1;14(1):53-58.
  • Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, et al. Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2007 Sep;62(3):235-42. doi: 10.1002/ana.21178. PMID: 17696217.
  • Guillaume V, Lefeuvre A, Faure C, et al. Specific detection of Nipah virus using real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan). J Virol Methods. 2004 Sep 15;120(2):229-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.05.018. PMID: 15288966
  • Daniels P, Ksiazek T, Eaton BT. Laboratory diagnosis of Nipah and Hendra virus infections. Microbes Infect. 2001 Apr;3(4):289-95. doi: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01382-x. PMID: 11334746.
  • Fischer K, Diederich S, Smith G, et al. Indirect ELISA based on Hendra and Nipah virus proteins for the detection of henipavirus specific antibodies in pigs. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 30;13(4):e0194385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194385. PMID: 29708971; PMCID: PMC5927399.
  • AbuBakar S, Chang LY, Ali AM, Sharifah SH, Yusoff K, Zamrod Z. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerging infectious diseases. 2004 Dec;10(12):2228.
  • Satterfield BA. 2017. The future of preventing and treating Nipah virus infection. Future Sci. OA. 3(4):FSO220. doi: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0056
  • Nahar N, Paul RC, Sultana R, et al. A Controlled Trial to Reduce the Risk of Human Nipah Virus Exposure in Bangladesh. Ecohealth. 2017 Sep;14(3):501-517. doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1267-4. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28905152.
  • Ramphul K, Mejias SG, Agumadu VC, Sombans S, Sonaye R, Lohana P. The Killer Virus Called Nipah: A Review. Cureus. 2018 Aug 21;10(8):e3168. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3168. PMID: 30416895; PMCID: PMC6223664.
  • Glennon EE, Restif O, Sbarbaro SR, et al. Domesticated animals as hosts of henipaviruses and filoviruses: A systematic review. Vet J. 2018 Mar;233:25-34. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.024. Epub 2017 Dec 30. PMID: 29486875.
  • Chua KB. Epidemiology, surveillance and control of Nipah virus infections in Malaysia. Malays J Pathol. 2010 Dec;32(2):69-73. PMID: 21329176
  • Satterfield BA, Dawes BE, Milligan GN. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Nipah virus. Vaccine. 2016 Jun 3;34(26):2971-2975. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.075. Epub 2016 Mar 11. PMID: 26973068
  • Zumla A, Dar O, Kock R, et al. Taking forward a 'One Health' approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential. Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Jun;47:5-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.012. Epub 2016 Jun 15. PMID: 27321961; PMCID: PMC7128966.

Nipah virus: A looming global health challenge

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 65 Sayı: 1, 185 - 193, 09.03.2026

Mohsina Shaik , Girish Jeer , Raika Durusoy , Pragnya Manaswini Durgavajjala , Siva Santosh Kumar Pentapati

https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1669468
https://izlik.org/JA34RT36FE

Öz

Nipah virus (NiV) outbreaks have garnered global attention due to their potential for devastating consequences on public health. Following two recent deaths from Nipah virus infection in Kerala in 2025, and considering the overall case fatality rate (CFR) of 69.4% reported in India to date, this review article presents a comprehensive analysis of NiV outbreaks, covering their historical background, epidemiology, transmission patterns, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, preventive strategies, and current research advancements. Nipah virus, a zoonotic pathogen primarily transmitted from fruit bats to humans, poses a persistent threat to various regions, especially in Southeast Asia. Through a critical examination of past outbreaks and the lessons learned, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of Nipah virus and enhance preparedness and response efforts for future outbreaks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nipah virus review epidemiology

Kaynakça

  • Nipah virus | WHO [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus
  • Nipah Virus (NiV) | CDC [Internet]. 2022. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html
  • World Health Organization. 2025. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Disease Outbreak News; Nipah virus infection – India. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON577
  • Uppal PK. Emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;916:354-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05312.x. PMID: 11193645.
  • Nipah virus infection - Bangladesh [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON442
  • Bureau TH. Suspected Nipah deaths: fever surveys under way in two places in Kozhikode. The Hindu [Internet]. 2023 Sep 12 [cited 2025 Sep 07]; Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/suspected-nipah-deaths-fever-surveys-under-way-in-two-places-in-kozhikode/article67298395.ece
  • Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.who.int/southeastasia/outbreaks-and-emergencies/health-emergency-information-risk-assessment/surveillance-and-risk-assessment/nipah-virus-outbreak-in-kerala
  • Ching PK, de Los Reyes VC, Sucaldito MN, Tayag E, Columna-Vingno AB, Malbas Jr FF, Bolo Jr GC, Sejvar JJ, Eagles D, Playford G, Dueger E. Outbreak of henipavirus infection, Philippines, 2014. Emerging infectious diseases. 2015 Feb;21(2):328.
  • Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala. NIPAH virus infection: guidelines for surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Kerala: Department of Health and Family Welfare; 2021 Sep 5.
  • Mehand MS, Al-Shorbaji F, Millett P, Murgue B. The WHO R&D Blueprint: 2018 review of emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development efforts. Antiviral Research. 2018 Nov 1;159:63–7.
  • National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Case definitions of Nipah virus disease. New Delhi: NCDC, MoHFW, GoI; 2024 Sep. Available from: https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Case-Definitions-of-NIPAH-Virus-Disease.pdf
  • Yadav PD, Raut CG, Shete AM, Mishra AC, Towner JS, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Detection of Nipah virus RNA in fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus) from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Sep;87(3):576-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0416. Epub 2012 Jul 16. PMID: 22802440; PMCID: PMC3435367.
  • Bruno L, Nappo MA, Ferrari L, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis. Animals. 2022 Dec 31;13(1):159.
  • Gurley ES, Hegde ST, Hossain K, Sazzad HMS, Hossain MJ, Rahman M, Sharker MAY, Salje H, Islam MS, Epstein JH, Khan SU, Kilpatrick AM, Daszak P, Luby SP. Convergence of Humans, Bats, Trees, and Culture in Nipah Virus Transmission, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Sep;23(9):1446-1453. doi: 10.3201/eid2309.161922. PMID: 28820130; PMCID: PMC5572889.
  • Yadav PD, Raut CG, Shete AM, Mishra AC, Towner JS, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Detection of Nipah virus RNA in fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus) from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Sep;87(3):576-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0416. Epub 2012 Jul 16. PMID: 22802440; PMCID: PMC3435367.
  • Mohd Nor MN, Gan CH, Ong BL. Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia. Rev Sci Tech. 2000 Apr;19(1):160-5. doi: 10.20506/rst.19.1.1202. PMID: 11189713.
  • Pulliam JR, Epstein JH, Dushoff J, Rahman SA, Bunning M, Jamaluddin AA, Hyatt AD, Field HE, Dobson AP, Daszak P; Henipavirus Ecology Research Group (HERG). Agricultural intensification, priming for persistence and the emergence of Nipah virus: a lethal bat-borne zoonosis. J R Soc Interface. 2012 Jan 7;9(66):89-101. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0223. Epub 2011 Jun 1. PMID: 21632614; PMCID: PMC3223631.
  • Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, Bell M, Azad AK, Islam MR, Molla MA, Carroll DS, Ksiazek TG, Rota PA, Lowe L, Comer JA, Rollin P, Czub M, Grolla A, Feldmann H, Luby SP, Woodward JL, Breiman RF. Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jul;13(7):1031-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1307.061128. PMID: 18214175; PMCID: PMC2878219.
  • Homaira N, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, Epstein JH, Sultana R, Khan MS, Podder G, Nahar K, Ahmed B, Gurley ES, Daszak P, Lipkin WI, Rollin PE, Comer JA, Ksiazek TG, Luby SP. Nipah virus outbreak with person-to-person transmission in a district of Bangladesh, 2007. Epidemiol Infect. 2010 Nov;138(11):1630-6. doi: 10.1017/S0950268810000695. Epub 2010 Apr 12. PMID: 20380769; PMCID: PMC10071638.
  • Luby SP, Gurley ES, Hossain MJ. TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN INFECTION WITH NIPAH VIRUS. In: Institute of Medicine (US). Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012. A11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114486/
  • Transmission | Nipah Virus (NiV) | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/transmission/index.html
  • Signs and Symptoms | Nipah Virus (NiV) | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 07]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/symptoms/index.html
  • Nikolay B, Salje H, Hossain MJ, Khan AD, Sazzad HM, Rahman M, Daszak P, Ströher U, Pulliam JR, Kilpatrick AM, Nichol ST. Transmission of Nipah virus—14 years of investigations in Bangladesh. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 May 9;380(19):1804-14.
  • Banerjee S, Gupta N, Kodan P, et al. Nipah virus disease: A rare and intractable disease. Intractable & rare diseases research. 2019 Feb 28;8(1):1-8.
  • Kumar CG, Sugunan AP, Yadav P, et al. Infections among contacts of patients with Nipah virus, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019 May;25(5):1007.
  • Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, et al. Clinical presentation of nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Apr 1;46(7):977-84. doi: 10.1086/529147. PMID: 18444812.
  • Abdullah S, Tan CT. Henipavirus encephalitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:663-70. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00032-8. PMID: 25015510.
  • Parashar UD, Sunn LM, Ong F, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia. J Infect Dis. 2000 May;181(5):1755-9. doi: 10.1086/315457. Epub 2000 May 15. PMID: 10823779.
  • Alam AM. Nipah virus, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis. Clinical Medicine. 2022 Jul;22(4):348.
  • Siva SR, Chong HT, Tan CT. Ten year clinical and serological outcomes of Nipah virus infection. Neurol Asia. 2009 Jun 1;14(1):53-58.
  • Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, et al. Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2007 Sep;62(3):235-42. doi: 10.1002/ana.21178. PMID: 17696217.
  • Guillaume V, Lefeuvre A, Faure C, et al. Specific detection of Nipah virus using real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan). J Virol Methods. 2004 Sep 15;120(2):229-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.05.018. PMID: 15288966
  • Daniels P, Ksiazek T, Eaton BT. Laboratory diagnosis of Nipah and Hendra virus infections. Microbes Infect. 2001 Apr;3(4):289-95. doi: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01382-x. PMID: 11334746.
  • Fischer K, Diederich S, Smith G, et al. Indirect ELISA based on Hendra and Nipah virus proteins for the detection of henipavirus specific antibodies in pigs. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 30;13(4):e0194385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194385. PMID: 29708971; PMCID: PMC5927399.
  • AbuBakar S, Chang LY, Ali AM, Sharifah SH, Yusoff K, Zamrod Z. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerging infectious diseases. 2004 Dec;10(12):2228.
  • Satterfield BA. 2017. The future of preventing and treating Nipah virus infection. Future Sci. OA. 3(4):FSO220. doi: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0056
  • Nahar N, Paul RC, Sultana R, et al. A Controlled Trial to Reduce the Risk of Human Nipah Virus Exposure in Bangladesh. Ecohealth. 2017 Sep;14(3):501-517. doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1267-4. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28905152.
  • Ramphul K, Mejias SG, Agumadu VC, Sombans S, Sonaye R, Lohana P. The Killer Virus Called Nipah: A Review. Cureus. 2018 Aug 21;10(8):e3168. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3168. PMID: 30416895; PMCID: PMC6223664.
  • Glennon EE, Restif O, Sbarbaro SR, et al. Domesticated animals as hosts of henipaviruses and filoviruses: A systematic review. Vet J. 2018 Mar;233:25-34. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.024. Epub 2017 Dec 30. PMID: 29486875.
  • Chua KB. Epidemiology, surveillance and control of Nipah virus infections in Malaysia. Malays J Pathol. 2010 Dec;32(2):69-73. PMID: 21329176
  • Satterfield BA, Dawes BE, Milligan GN. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Nipah virus. Vaccine. 2016 Jun 3;34(26):2971-2975. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.075. Epub 2016 Mar 11. PMID: 26973068
  • Zumla A, Dar O, Kock R, et al. Taking forward a 'One Health' approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential. Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Jun;47:5-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.012. Epub 2016 Jun 15. PMID: 27321961; PMCID: PMC7128966.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar, Tıbbi Viroloji, Genel Pratisyenlik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Mohsina Shaik 0009-0004-8991-8906

Girish Jeer 0000-0001-6685-9721

Raika Durusoy 0000-0003-1041-8462

Pragnya Manaswini Durgavajjala 0009-0000-7161-4972

Siva Santosh Kumar Pentapati 0000-0002-6827-6527

Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 22 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1669468
IZ https://izlik.org/JA34RT36FE
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 65 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Mohsina Shaik, Girish Jeer, Raika Durusoy, Pragnya Manaswini Durgavajjala, Siva Santosh Kumar Pentapati. Nipah virus: A looming global health challenge. ETD. 01 Mart 2026;65(1):185-93. doi:10.19161/etd.1669468

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