Araştırma Makalesi
Diabetes-Specific Eating Disorder in Adolescents: Investigation of the risk of 'Diabulimia' and its metabolic effects
Öz
Aim: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. A good glycemic control requires blood glucose measurement at least eight times a day throughout life, selection of healthy foods, portion control and regular exercise, all of which cause anxiety and increase the risk of eating disorders in many individuals with diabetes. Diabulimia refers to the deliberate reduction and / or skipping of insulin dose in individuals with diabetes, with the aim of achieving weight loss. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of adolescents at risk of diabulimia, and to evaluate the association of developing eating disorders with metabolic control and body mass index.
Materials and Methods: 129 patients between the ages of 10-18 who were followed up with the diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus were included in the study. The Eating Problems in Diabetes Questionnaire (DEPS-R) was applied face-to-face. Data on demographic and anthropometric parameters and HbA1c values were obtained from the patients’ medical files.
Results: When the DEPS-R scores of the participants were examined, 53.2% (n = 25) of cases at risk were female, 46.8% (n = 22) were male, and a total of 47 cases (36.4%) had a risk of impaired eating behavior. HbA1c and body mass index were found to be significantly higher in the group at risk when the cases were divided into two groups that were at risk or not in terms of eating behavior disorder according to the DEPS-R score. A weak correlation was obtained between DEPS-R score and diabetes age, body mass index and HbA1c value.
Conclusion: Routine screening gains importance to prevent the development of diabulimia in individuals with diabetes and to detect the ones who have already developed eating disorders. Although more studies are needed on this subject, diabulimia, especially in cases of unexplained weight loss and poor metabolic control, should be kept in mind, and clinicians should increase awareness for effective treatment.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Type 1 diabetes; eating disorders eating problems in diabetes questionnaire diabulimia
Kaynakça
- IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition 2019. International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, Ninth Edition. 2019.
- Nathan DM. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Overview. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2014 Jan 19; 37 (1): 9–16. Available from: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.2337/dc13-2112
- Chandran S, Rao KM. Diabulimia - The phenomenology of an under recognised juxtaposition between diabetes and eating disorders. Telangana Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 4 (1): 6–10.
- Staite E, Zaremba N, Macdonald P, Allan J, Treasure J, Ismail K, et al. “Diabulima” through the lens of social media: a qualitative review and analysis of online blogs by people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and eating disorders. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association [Internet]. 2018; 35 (10): 1329–36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29855073
- Colton P, Rodin G, Bergenstal R, Parkin C. Eating Disorders and Diabetes: Introduction and Overview. Diabetes Spectrum [Internet]. 2009 Jul 1; 22 (3): 138–42. Available from: http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/diaspect.22.3.138
- Menina A, Akers EM. DIABULIMIA: Not So Secret--or Shameful--Anymore. Diabetes Health. 2014; 23 (1): 14-19
- Smink FRE, van Hoeken D, Oldehinkel AJ, Hoek HW. Prevalence and severity of DSM-5 eating disorders in a community cohort of adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders [Internet]. 2014 Sep; 47 (6): 610–9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/eat.22316
- Candler T, Murphy R, Pigott A, Gregory JW. Fifteen-minute consultation: Diabulimia and disordered eating in childhood diabetes. Archives of disease in childhood Education and practice edition [Internet]. 2018; 103 (3): 118–23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29079591
- Falcão MA, Francisco R. Diabetes, eating disorders and body image in young adults: an exploratory study about “diabulimia.” Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity [Internet]. 2017 Dec 8; 22 (4): 675–82. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40519-017-0406-9
- Torjesen I. Diabulimia: the world‟s most dangerous eating disorder. BMJ (Clinical research ed) [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1; 364:l982. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.l982
- Atik Altınok Y, Özgür S, Meseri R, Özen S, Darcan Ş, Gökşen D. Reliability and Validity of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey in Turkish Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology [Internet]. 2017 Dec 14; 323–8. Available from: http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_16455/JCRPE-9-4.pdf
- Guideline N. Eating disorders : recognition and treatment. Clinical psychiatry [Internet]. 2017;69. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436876/
- Şahin G, ATİK ALTINOK Y, KESER A. TİP 1 diabetes mellitus‟lu bireylerde yeme davranışı bozukluğu: Diabulimia. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 2018 Dec 25;366–75. Available from: http://dergipark.gov.tr/doi/10.26559/mersinsbd.365270
- American Diabetes Association. 13. Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes−2020. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2020 Jan 20; 43 (Supplement 1): S163–82. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31862756
- Markowitz JT, Butler DA, Volkening LK,et al. Brief screening tool for disordered eating in diabetes: internal consistency and external validity in a contemporary sample of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care [Internet]. 2010 Mar; 33 (3): 495–500. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032278
- Pinna F, Diana E, Sanna L, et al. Assessment of eating disorders with the diabetes eating problems survey – revised (DEPS-R) in a representative sample of insulin-treated diabetic patients: a validation study in Italy. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017 Dec 19; 17 (1): 262. Available from: http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-017-1434-8
- Gagnon C, Aimé A, Bélanger C. French Validation of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R). Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2013 Feb; 37 (1): 60. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S149926711300169X
- Heil W, Ehrhardt V. Reference Ranges. In: Heil W, Ehrhardt V, editors. Reference Ranges for Adults and Children Pre-Analytical Considerations. 9th ed. Manheim: Roche Diagnostics; 2008. p. 14–144.
- Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of disease in childhood [Internet]. 1969 Jun; 44 (235): 291–303. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5785179
- Neyzi O, Furman A, Bundak R, Gunoz H, et al. Growth references for Turkish children aged 6 to 18 years. Acta Paediatrica [Internet]. 2006 Dec 1; 95 (12): 1635–41. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1080/08035250600652013
- Christie D, Viner R. Adolescent development. BMJ [Internet]. 2005 Feb 5;330(7486):301–4. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.330.7486.301
- DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes [Internet]. 2018 Oct;19:105–14. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/pedi.12737
- Caferoğlu Z, İnanç N, Hatipoğlu N,et al. Health-Related Quality of Life and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1; 8 (1): 67–73. Available from: http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_1492/JCRPE-8-67.pdf
- Poyrazoğlu Ş, Bundak R, Yavaş Abal Z, et al. Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Children Aged Below 18 Years During 2013-2015 in Northwest Turkey. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 2018; 10 (4): 336-342.
- Yeşilkaya E, Cinaz P, Andıran N, et al. First report on the nationwide incidence and prevalence of Type 1 diabetes among children in Turkey. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2017 Mar; 34 (3): 405–10. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dme.13063
- Szypowska A, Schwandt A, Svensson J, et al. Insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes: analysis of data from the SWEET registry. Pediatric Diabetes [Internet]. 2016 Oct; 17: 38–45. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/pedi.12416
- Borus JS, Laffel L. Adherence challenges in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents: prevention and intervention. Current Opinion in Pediatrics [Internet]. 2010 Aug; 22 (4): 405–11. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00008480-201008000-00005
- Kaminsky LA, Dewey D. Psychological Correlates of Eating Disorder Symptoms and Body Image in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2013 Dec;37(6):408–14. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1499267113008319
- Scaramuzza A, De Palma A, Mameli C,et al. Adolescents with type 1 diabetes and risky behaviour. Acta Paediatrica [Internet]. 2010 Apr 1; 99 (8): 1237–41. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01813.x
- Ryman B, MacIsaac J, Robinson T, et al. Assessing the clinical utility of the diabetes eating problem survey‐revised (DEPS‐R) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism [Internet]. 2019 Jul 11;2(3). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/edm2.67
- Saßmann H, Albrecht C, Busse-Widmann P, et al. Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised: additional benefit of disease-specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2015 Dec; 32 (12): 1641–7. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dme.12788
- Doyle EA, Quinn SM, Ambrosino JM, et al. Disordered Eating Behaviors in Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Common Problem for Both Men and Women. Journal of Pediatric Health Care [Internet]. 2017 May; 31 (3): 327–33. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891524516302929
- Affenito SG, Backstrand JR, Welch GW, et al. Subclinical and Clinical Eating Disorders in IDDM Negatively Affect Metabolic Control. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 1997 Feb 1; 20 (2): 182–4. Available from: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/diacare.20.2.182
- Jones JM, Lawson ML, Daneman D, et al. Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ (Clinical research ed) [Internet]. 2000 Jun 10; 320 (7249): 1563–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10845962
- Young V, Eiser C, Johnson B, Brierley S, et al. Eating problems in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2013 Feb; 30 (2): 189–98. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03771.x
- Colton PA, Olmsted MP, Daneman D, et al. Natural history and predictors of disturbed eating behaviour in girls with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2007 Apr; 24 (4): 424–9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02099.x
- Olmsted MP, Colton PA, Daneman D,et al. Prediction of the Onset of Disturbed Eating Behavior in Adolescent Girls With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2008 Oct 1; 31 (10): 1978–82. Available from: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/dc08-0333
- Gonçalves S, Barros V, Rui Gomes A. Eating-Disordered Behaviour in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2016 Apr; 40 (2): 152–7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1499267115006474
- Araia E, Hendrieckx C, Skinner T,et al. Gender differences in disordered eating behaviors and body dissatisfaction among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results from diabetes MILES youth-Australia. International Journal of Eating Disorders [Internet]. 2017 Oct; 50 (10): 1183–93. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/eat.22746.
Adölesanlarda diyabete özgü yeme bozukluğu:‘Diabulimia’ riskinin ve metabolik etkilerinin araştırılması
Öz
Amaç: Tip 1 diabetes mellitus, insülin eksikliği ve hiperglisemi ile karakterize kronik bir hastalıktır. İyi bir glisemik kontrolün için yaşam boyunca günde ortalama en az sekiz defa kan şekeri ölçümü, sağlıklı besinlerin seçimi, porsiyon kontrolü ve düzenli egzersiz gerekmektedir ve tüm bunlar diyabetli bireylerin birçoğunda kaygıya neden olmakta ve yeme bozuklukları riskini arttırmaktadır. Diabulimia, diyabetli bireylerde, vücut ağırlığında kayıp sağlama amacıyla, kasıtlı olarak insülin dozunu azaltmak ve/veya atlamayı ifade eder. Bu çalışmanın amacı diyabete özgü yeme bozukluğu olan diabulimia açısından riskli adölesanların sıklığını araştırmak, yeme bozukluğu gelişmesi riski ile metabolik kontrol ve vücut kitle indeksi arasındaki ilişkisini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Tip 1 diabetes mellitus tanısıyla izlenen 10-18 yaş arası 129 olgu dahil edildi. Katılımcılara DEPS-R (Diabetes Eating Problem Survey, Diyabette Yeme Sorunları Anketi) yüz yüze uygulandı. Demografik, antropometrik parametrelere ilişkin veriler ve HbA1c değerleri hastaların tıbbi dosyalarından elde edildi.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların DEPS-R puanları incelendiğinde riskli olguların %53,2‟si (n=25) kız, %46,8‟i (n=22) erkek, toplamda 47 olguda (%36,4) bozulmuş yeme davranışı riski saptandı. Olgular DEPS-R puanına göre yeme davranışı bozukluğu açısından risksiz ve riskli iki gruba ayrılarak incelendiğinde HbA1c ve vücut kitle indeksi riskli grupta anlamlı olarak yüksek saptandı. DEPS-R skoru ile diyabet yaşı, vücut kitle indeksi ve HbA1c değeri arasında zayıf korelasyon saptandı.
Sonuç: Riskli diyabetli bireylerde diabulimia gelişmesini önlemek ve hali hazırda yeme bozukluğu geliştirmiş çocukların saptanmasında rutin tarama önem kazanmaktadır. Bu konu ile ilgili daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç olmakla beraber özellikle açıklanamayan kilo kaybı ve kötü metabolik kontrolde diabulimia olasılığı akılda tutulmalıdır ve etkili tedavi için klinisyenlerin farkındalığı arttırmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tip 1 diyabet; yeme bozukluğu diyabette yeme sorunları anketi diabulimia.
Kaynakça
- IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition 2019. International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, Ninth Edition. 2019.
- Nathan DM. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Overview. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2014 Jan 19; 37 (1): 9–16. Available from: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.2337/dc13-2112
- Chandran S, Rao KM. Diabulimia - The phenomenology of an under recognised juxtaposition between diabetes and eating disorders. Telangana Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 4 (1): 6–10.
- Staite E, Zaremba N, Macdonald P, Allan J, Treasure J, Ismail K, et al. “Diabulima” through the lens of social media: a qualitative review and analysis of online blogs by people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and eating disorders. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association [Internet]. 2018; 35 (10): 1329–36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29855073
- Colton P, Rodin G, Bergenstal R, Parkin C. Eating Disorders and Diabetes: Introduction and Overview. Diabetes Spectrum [Internet]. 2009 Jul 1; 22 (3): 138–42. Available from: http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/diaspect.22.3.138
- Menina A, Akers EM. DIABULIMIA: Not So Secret--or Shameful--Anymore. Diabetes Health. 2014; 23 (1): 14-19
- Smink FRE, van Hoeken D, Oldehinkel AJ, Hoek HW. Prevalence and severity of DSM-5 eating disorders in a community cohort of adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders [Internet]. 2014 Sep; 47 (6): 610–9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/eat.22316
- Candler T, Murphy R, Pigott A, Gregory JW. Fifteen-minute consultation: Diabulimia and disordered eating in childhood diabetes. Archives of disease in childhood Education and practice edition [Internet]. 2018; 103 (3): 118–23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29079591
- Falcão MA, Francisco R. Diabetes, eating disorders and body image in young adults: an exploratory study about “diabulimia.” Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity [Internet]. 2017 Dec 8; 22 (4): 675–82. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40519-017-0406-9
- Torjesen I. Diabulimia: the world‟s most dangerous eating disorder. BMJ (Clinical research ed) [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1; 364:l982. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.l982
- Atik Altınok Y, Özgür S, Meseri R, Özen S, Darcan Ş, Gökşen D. Reliability and Validity of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey in Turkish Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology [Internet]. 2017 Dec 14; 323–8. Available from: http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_16455/JCRPE-9-4.pdf
- Guideline N. Eating disorders : recognition and treatment. Clinical psychiatry [Internet]. 2017;69. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436876/
- Şahin G, ATİK ALTINOK Y, KESER A. TİP 1 diabetes mellitus‟lu bireylerde yeme davranışı bozukluğu: Diabulimia. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 2018 Dec 25;366–75. Available from: http://dergipark.gov.tr/doi/10.26559/mersinsbd.365270
- American Diabetes Association. 13. Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes−2020. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2020 Jan 20; 43 (Supplement 1): S163–82. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31862756
- Markowitz JT, Butler DA, Volkening LK,et al. Brief screening tool for disordered eating in diabetes: internal consistency and external validity in a contemporary sample of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care [Internet]. 2010 Mar; 33 (3): 495–500. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032278
- Pinna F, Diana E, Sanna L, et al. Assessment of eating disorders with the diabetes eating problems survey – revised (DEPS-R) in a representative sample of insulin-treated diabetic patients: a validation study in Italy. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017 Dec 19; 17 (1): 262. Available from: http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-017-1434-8
- Gagnon C, Aimé A, Bélanger C. French Validation of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R). Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2013 Feb; 37 (1): 60. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S149926711300169X
- Heil W, Ehrhardt V. Reference Ranges. In: Heil W, Ehrhardt V, editors. Reference Ranges for Adults and Children Pre-Analytical Considerations. 9th ed. Manheim: Roche Diagnostics; 2008. p. 14–144.
- Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of disease in childhood [Internet]. 1969 Jun; 44 (235): 291–303. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5785179
- Neyzi O, Furman A, Bundak R, Gunoz H, et al. Growth references for Turkish children aged 6 to 18 years. Acta Paediatrica [Internet]. 2006 Dec 1; 95 (12): 1635–41. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1080/08035250600652013
- Christie D, Viner R. Adolescent development. BMJ [Internet]. 2005 Feb 5;330(7486):301–4. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.330.7486.301
- DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes [Internet]. 2018 Oct;19:105–14. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/pedi.12737
- Caferoğlu Z, İnanç N, Hatipoğlu N,et al. Health-Related Quality of Life and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1; 8 (1): 67–73. Available from: http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_1492/JCRPE-8-67.pdf
- Poyrazoğlu Ş, Bundak R, Yavaş Abal Z, et al. Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Children Aged Below 18 Years During 2013-2015 in Northwest Turkey. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 2018; 10 (4): 336-342.
- Yeşilkaya E, Cinaz P, Andıran N, et al. First report on the nationwide incidence and prevalence of Type 1 diabetes among children in Turkey. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2017 Mar; 34 (3): 405–10. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dme.13063
- Szypowska A, Schwandt A, Svensson J, et al. Insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes: analysis of data from the SWEET registry. Pediatric Diabetes [Internet]. 2016 Oct; 17: 38–45. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/pedi.12416
- Borus JS, Laffel L. Adherence challenges in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents: prevention and intervention. Current Opinion in Pediatrics [Internet]. 2010 Aug; 22 (4): 405–11. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00008480-201008000-00005
- Kaminsky LA, Dewey D. Psychological Correlates of Eating Disorder Symptoms and Body Image in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2013 Dec;37(6):408–14. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1499267113008319
- Scaramuzza A, De Palma A, Mameli C,et al. Adolescents with type 1 diabetes and risky behaviour. Acta Paediatrica [Internet]. 2010 Apr 1; 99 (8): 1237–41. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01813.x
- Ryman B, MacIsaac J, Robinson T, et al. Assessing the clinical utility of the diabetes eating problem survey‐revised (DEPS‐R) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism [Internet]. 2019 Jul 11;2(3). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/edm2.67
- Saßmann H, Albrecht C, Busse-Widmann P, et al. Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised: additional benefit of disease-specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2015 Dec; 32 (12): 1641–7. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dme.12788
- Doyle EA, Quinn SM, Ambrosino JM, et al. Disordered Eating Behaviors in Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Common Problem for Both Men and Women. Journal of Pediatric Health Care [Internet]. 2017 May; 31 (3): 327–33. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891524516302929
- Affenito SG, Backstrand JR, Welch GW, et al. Subclinical and Clinical Eating Disorders in IDDM Negatively Affect Metabolic Control. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 1997 Feb 1; 20 (2): 182–4. Available from: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/diacare.20.2.182
- Jones JM, Lawson ML, Daneman D, et al. Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ (Clinical research ed) [Internet]. 2000 Jun 10; 320 (7249): 1563–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10845962
- Young V, Eiser C, Johnson B, Brierley S, et al. Eating problems in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2013 Feb; 30 (2): 189–98. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03771.x
- Colton PA, Olmsted MP, Daneman D, et al. Natural history and predictors of disturbed eating behaviour in girls with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine [Internet]. 2007 Apr; 24 (4): 424–9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02099.x
- Olmsted MP, Colton PA, Daneman D,et al. Prediction of the Onset of Disturbed Eating Behavior in Adolescent Girls With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2008 Oct 1; 31 (10): 1978–82. Available from: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/dc08-0333
- Gonçalves S, Barros V, Rui Gomes A. Eating-Disordered Behaviour in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2016 Apr; 40 (2): 152–7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1499267115006474
- Araia E, Hendrieckx C, Skinner T,et al. Gender differences in disordered eating behaviors and body dissatisfaction among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results from diabetes MILES youth-Australia. International Journal of Eating Disorders [Internet]. 2017 Oct; 50 (10): 1183–93. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/eat.22746.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Mart 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Nisan 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022Cilt: 61 Sayı: 1 |
