Smoking, drinking, and food addiction among youth in Sivas, Türkiye

Alev Aktaş

doi:10.19161/etd.1471612

Araştırma Makalesi

Smoking, drinking, and food addiction among youth in Sivas, Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 64 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 12.03.2025

Alev Aktaş

https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1471612

Öz

Aim: Substance abuse is a major issue. The change in eating habits worldwide and the increasing interest in convenience foods are also important issues. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the degree of nicotine dependence, alcohol consumption, and food addiction in young people. It also aimed to assess the role of impulsivity as a mediating variable in this relationship.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 533 students. Data were collected online using the questionnaire form, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence Test (FTND), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale, and Yale Food Addiction Scale. Correlation, MANCOVA, and mediated regression analysis (Hayes, Model 4) were used to analyze the data.
Results: The study involved 79% female and 21% male participants. The prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption among the participants was 21.2% and 15.8%, respectively. The prevalence of severe food addiction was estimated at 5.4%. The findings of this study indicate that sex has a significant effect on alcohol consumption and degree of nicotine dependence, with these effects varying depending on impulsive behavior characteristics. The results of the mediated regression analysis also demonstrate that the degree of nicotine dependence has a significant effect on food addiction depending on impulsive behaviors, although this effect is not significant for alcohol use.
Conclusion: The findings of our study indicate that legal substance use and food addiction are prevalent among young people. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a significant correlation between the degree of nicotine dependence and food addiction, which can be attributed to impulsive behaviors. Further research, including the use of different techniques, is required in order to obtain more concrete and reliable information on this subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

smoking, alcohol use, food addiction, applied psychology

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval was obtained from Social Sciences Scientific Research Proposal Ethical Evaluation Board (Decision No. 2023/1-39 dated 17.03.2023). Informed consent was obtained from each participant.

Destekleyen Kurum

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Proje Numarası

EDB-2023-047

Kaynakça

Ignaszewski MJ. The Epidemiology of Drug Abuse. J Clin Pharmacol [Internet]. 2021 Aug 15;61(S2). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcph.1937
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 2021.
European Union Drugs Agency. Statistical Bulletin 2024 — prevalence of drug use [Internet]. Portugal; 2024. Available from: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2024/gps_en
Monteiro CA, Moubarac J-C, Cannon G, Ng SW, Popkin B. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obes Rev [Internet]. 2013 Nov;14:21–8. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.12107
Upreti YR, Bastien S, Bjønness B, Devkota B. The socio-ecological model as a framework for understanding junk food consumption among schoolchildren in Nepal. Nutr Health [Internet]. 2021 Oct 9;27(3):337–46. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02601060211000169
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac J-C, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr [Internet]. 2019 Apr 12;22(5):936–41. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980018003762/type/journal_article
Djupegot IL, Nenseth CB, Bere E, Bjørnarå HBT, Helland SH, Øverby NC, et al. The association between time scarcity, sociodemographic correlates and consumption of ultra-processed foods among parents in Norway: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2017 Dec 15;17(1):447. Available from: http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4408-3
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac J-C, Levy RB, Louzada MLC, Jaime PC. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr [Internet]. 2018 Jan 21;21(1):5–17. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980017000234/type/journal_article
Carlier N, Marshe VS, Cmorejova J, Davis C, Müller DJ. Genetic Similarities between Compulsive Overeating and Addiction Phenotypes: A Case for “Food Addiction”? Curr Psychiatry Rep [Internet]. 2015 Dec 19;17(12):96. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11920-015-0634-5
Gendall K, Joyce P. Characteristics of food cravers who binge eat. In: Hetherington M, editor. Food cravings and addiction. Surrey (UK): Leatherhead Publishing; 2001. p. 567–84.
Basdevant A, Craplet C, Guy-Grand B. Snacking Patterns in Obese French Women. Appetite [Internet]. 1993 Aug;21(1):17–23. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666383710330
Delahanty LM, Meigs JB, Hayden D, Williamson DA, Nathan DM. Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Baseline BMI in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2002 Nov 1;25(11):1992–
8. Available from: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/25/11/1992/24678/Psychological-and-Behavioral- Correlates-of
Corsica JA, Pelchat ML. Food addiction: true or false? Curr Opin Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2010 Mar;26(2):165–9. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00001574-201003000-00016
Meule A. How Prevalent is ?Food Addiction?? Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2011;2(61):1–4. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00061/abstract
Ng J, Stice E, Yokum S, Bohon C. An fMRI study of obesity, food reward, and perceived caloric density. Does a low-fat label make food less appealing? Appetite [Internet]. 2011 Aug;57(1):65–72. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666311001218
Parylak SL, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP. The dark side of food addiction. Physiol Behav [Internet]. 2011 Jul;104(1):149–56. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938411002265
Schulte EM, Kral TVE, Allison KC. A cross-sectional examination of reported changes to weight, eating, and activity behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among United States adults with food addiction. Appetite [Internet]. 2022 Jan;168:105740. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666321006474
Gearhardt AN, Grilo CM, DiLeone RJ, Brownell KD, Potenza MN. Can food be addictive? Public health and policy implications. Addiction [Internet]. 2011 Jul;106(7):1208–12. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03301.x
Carter A, Hendrikse J, Lee N, Yücel M, Verdejo-Garcia A, Andrews ZB, et al. The Neurobiology of “Food Addiction” and Its Implications for Obesity Treatment and Policy. Annu Rev Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Jul 17;36(1):105–28. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050909
Schienle A, Schäfer A, Hermann A, Vaitl D. Binge-Eating Disorder: Reward Sensitivity and Brain Activation to Images of Food. Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2009 Apr;65(8):654–61. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322308011682
Wang G-J, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W, et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet [Internet]. 2001 Feb;357(9253):354–7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600036436
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Türkiye'nin Sivas kentindeki gençler arasında sigara, içki ve yeme bağımlılığı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 64 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 12.03.2025

Alev Aktaş

https://doi.org/10.19161/etd.1471612

Öz

Amaç: Madde bağımlılığı önemli bir sorundur. Dünya genelinde beslenme alışkanlıklarının değişmesi ve hazır gıdalara olan ilginin artması da önemli bir konulardandır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gençlerde nikotin bağımlılığı düzeyi ve alkol kullanımı ile yeme bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Ayrıca bu ilişkide dürtüselliğin aracı değişken rolünü değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma 533 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler anket formu, Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılığı Testi (FTND), Alkol Kullanım Bozuklukları Tanıma Testi (AUDIT-C), UPPS Dürtüsel Davranış Ölçeği ve Yale Yeme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanılarak çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Verileri analiz etmek için korelasyon, MANCOVA ve aracılı regresyon analizi (Hayes, Model 4) kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya %79 kadın ve %21 erkek katılımcı dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar arasında sigara ve alkol tüketimi yaygınlığı sırasıyla %21,2 ve %15,8'dir. Şiddetli düzeyde yeme bağımlılığı prevalansı %5,4 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, cinsiyetin alkol tüketimi ve nikotin bağımlılığının derecesi üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olduğunu ve bu etkilerin dürtüsel davranış özelliklerine bağlı olarak değiştiğini göstermektedir. Aracı regresyon analizinin sonuçları da nikotin bağımlılığının derecesinin dürtüsel davranışlara bağlı olarak yeme bağımlılığı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu, ancak bu etkinin alkol kullanımı için anlamlı olmadığını göstermektedir.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızın bulguları, yasal madde kullanımı ve yeme bağımlılığının farklı düzeylerinin gençler arasında yaygın olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, sonuçlarımız nikotin bağımlılığının derecesi ile dürtüsel davranışlara atfedilebilecek yeme bağımlılığı arasında önemli bir korelasyon olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu konuda daha somut ve güvenilir bilgiler elde etmek için farklı tekniklerin kullanımını da içeren daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sigara, alkol, yeme bağımlılığı, uygulamalı psikoloji

Proje Numarası

EDB-2023-047

Kaynakça

Ignaszewski MJ. The Epidemiology of Drug Abuse. J Clin Pharmacol [Internet]. 2021 Aug 15;61(S2). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcph.1937
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 2021.
European Union Drugs Agency. Statistical Bulletin 2024 — prevalence of drug use [Internet]. Portugal; 2024. Available from: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2024/gps_en
Monteiro CA, Moubarac J-C, Cannon G, Ng SW, Popkin B. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obes Rev [Internet]. 2013 Nov;14:21–8. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.12107
Upreti YR, Bastien S, Bjønness B, Devkota B. The socio-ecological model as a framework for understanding junk food consumption among schoolchildren in Nepal. Nutr Health [Internet]. 2021 Oct 9;27(3):337–46. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02601060211000169
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac J-C, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr [Internet]. 2019 Apr 12;22(5):936–41. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980018003762/type/journal_article
Djupegot IL, Nenseth CB, Bere E, Bjørnarå HBT, Helland SH, Øverby NC, et al. The association between time scarcity, sociodemographic correlates and consumption of ultra-processed foods among parents in Norway: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2017 Dec 15;17(1):447. Available from: http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4408-3
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac J-C, Levy RB, Louzada MLC, Jaime PC. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr [Internet]. 2018 Jan 21;21(1):5–17. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980017000234/type/journal_article
Carlier N, Marshe VS, Cmorejova J, Davis C, Müller DJ. Genetic Similarities between Compulsive Overeating and Addiction Phenotypes: A Case for “Food Addiction”? Curr Psychiatry Rep [Internet]. 2015 Dec 19;17(12):96. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11920-015-0634-5
Gendall K, Joyce P. Characteristics of food cravers who binge eat. In: Hetherington M, editor. Food cravings and addiction. Surrey (UK): Leatherhead Publishing; 2001. p. 567–84.
Basdevant A, Craplet C, Guy-Grand B. Snacking Patterns in Obese French Women. Appetite [Internet]. 1993 Aug;21(1):17–23. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666383710330
Delahanty LM, Meigs JB, Hayden D, Williamson DA, Nathan DM. Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Baseline BMI in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2002 Nov 1;25(11):1992–
8. Available from: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/25/11/1992/24678/Psychological-and-Behavioral- Correlates-of
Corsica JA, Pelchat ML. Food addiction: true or false? Curr Opin Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2010 Mar;26(2):165–9. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00001574-201003000-00016
Meule A. How Prevalent is ?Food Addiction?? Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2011;2(61):1–4. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00061/abstract
Ng J, Stice E, Yokum S, Bohon C. An fMRI study of obesity, food reward, and perceived caloric density. Does a low-fat label make food less appealing? Appetite [Internet]. 2011 Aug;57(1):65–72. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666311001218
Parylak SL, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP. The dark side of food addiction. Physiol Behav [Internet]. 2011 Jul;104(1):149–56. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938411002265
Schulte EM, Kral TVE, Allison KC. A cross-sectional examination of reported changes to weight, eating, and activity behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among United States adults with food addiction. Appetite [Internet]. 2022 Jan;168:105740. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666321006474
Gearhardt AN, Grilo CM, DiLeone RJ, Brownell KD, Potenza MN. Can food be addictive? Public health and policy implications. Addiction [Internet]. 2011 Jul;106(7):1208–12. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03301.x
Carter A, Hendrikse J, Lee N, Yücel M, Verdejo-Garcia A, Andrews ZB, et al. The Neurobiology of “Food Addiction” and Its Implications for Obesity Treatment and Policy. Annu Rev Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Jul 17;36(1):105–28. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050909
Schienle A, Schäfer A, Hermann A, Vaitl D. Binge-Eating Disorder: Reward Sensitivity and Brain Activation to Images of Food. Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2009 Apr;65(8):654–61. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322308011682
Wang G-J, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W, et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet [Internet]. 2001 Feb;357(9253):354–7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600036436
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Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Madde Bağımlılığı
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Alev Aktaş 0000-0003-0746-0889
Proje Numarası	EDB-2023-047
Yayımlanma Tarihi	12 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	21 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi	1 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025Cilt: 64 Sayı: 1